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Since the last IAEA Fusion Energy Conference in 2018, significant progress of the experimental program of HL-2A has been achieved on developing advanced plasma physics, edge localized mode (ELM) control physics and technology. Optimization of plasma confinement has been performed. In particular, high-N H-mode plasmas exhibiting an internal transport barrier have been obtained (normalized plasma pressure N reached up to 3). Injection of impurity improved the plasma confinement. ELM control using resonance magnetic perturbation (RMP) or impurity injection has been achieved in a wide parameter regime, including Types I and III. In addition, the impurity seeding with supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) or laser blow-off (LBO) techniques has been successfully applied to actively control the plasma confinement and instabilities, as well as the plasma disruption with the aid of disruption prediction. Disruption prediction algorithms based on deep learning are developed. A prediction accuracy of 96.8% can be reached by assembling convolutional neural network (CNN). Furthermore, transport resulted from a wide variety of phenomena such as energetic particles and magnetic islands have been investigated. In parallel with the HL-2A experiments, the HL-2M mega-ampere class tokamak was commissioned in 2020 with its first plasma. Key features and capabilities of HL-2M are briefly presented.

The HL-2A tokamak has a very closed divertor geometry, and a new infrared camera has been installed for high resolution studies of edge-localized mode (ELM) heat load onto the outer divertor targets. The characteristics of power deposition patterns on the lower outer divertor target plates during ELMs are systematically analysed with infrared thermography. The ELM energy loss is in the range of 3%–8% of the total plasma stored energy. The peak heat flux on the outer divertor targets during ELMs currently achieved in HL-2A is about 1.5–3.2 MW m−2, the wetted area is about 0.5–0.7 m2, and the corresponding integrated power decay length at the midplane is about 25–40 mm. The rise time of the ELM power deposition is in the range of about 100 μs to 400 μs, and the decay time is typically 1.5 to 4 times longer than the corresponding rise time. Convective transport along open field lines during the ELM rise phase from the midplane towards the divertor targets is implied due to the correlation of parallel transport time in the scrape-off layer (SOL) and ELM power rise time. The peak ELM energy fluence is compared with those predicted by models and with experimental data from JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST, and COMPASS. The results, as a whole, show a good agreement.

The aim of the present review is to comprehensively outline the botanical description, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Patrinia, and to discuss possible trends for the further study of medicinal plants from the genus Patrinia. The genus Patrinia plays an important role in Asian medicine for the treatment of erysipelas, conjunctival congestion with swelling and pain, peri-appendicular abscesses, lung carbuncle, dysentery, leucorrhea, and postpartum disease. More than 210 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from Patrinia plants, especially P. scabiosaefolia Fisch., P. scabra Bunge, P. villosa Juss., P. heterophylla Bunge and P. rupestris(Pall.) Juss[Formula: see text] Of these compounds, triterpenoids and saponins, iridoids, flavonoids, and lignans are the major or active constituents. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that some monomer compounds and crude extracts from the genus Patrinia possess wide pharmacological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. In addition, they have been shown to have valuable and positive effects on the immune and nervous system in experimental animals. There are also some reports on the clinical uses and toxicity of these species. However, few reports have been published concerning the material identification or quality control of Patrinia species, and the clinical uses and toxic effects of these plants are relatively sparse. More attention must be given to these issues.