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Typical parallel fractures are often observed in the outcrops of inclusions in the field. To reveal the failure mechanism of inclusions embedded in rock matrix, a series of heterogeneous models are established and tested based on the damage mechanics, statistical strength theory, and continuum mechanics. The results show that, with the spacing between two adjacent fractures decreasing, the stress is firstly transferred from negative to positive, then from positive to negative. Stress transition is profound for the fracture spacing. Meanwhile, three types of fractures, i.e., consecutive fracture, non-consecutive fracture, and debonding fracture, are found, which are consistent with the observed modes in the field. Multiple inclusions are often fractured easier than an isolated inclusion due to the stress disturbance between inclusions and newly generated fractures. Either in single or multiple inclusions, tensile stresses inside the inclusions are the main driving force for fracture initiation and propagation. Besides, although the material heterogeneity has a small effect on the stress variation, it has an evident impact on the fracturing mode of inclusions. The stiffness ratio is critical for the stress transition and failure pattern; the interface debonding occurs earlier than the fracture initiation inside the inclusion when the stiffness ratio is relatively high. Additionally, the inclusions content only affects the sequence of fracture initiation rather than the final fracture spacing pattern.

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