This paper aims to explore how non-governmental organisations (NGOs) influence environmental governance, public policy and recognition of social issues and social groups. From a conceptual standpoint, the study examines how NGO activism affects salience of stakeholders and salience of social issues in public policy. It is based on longitudinal study of NGO activism in a Russian Arctic region during oil pipeline construction and qualitative analysis of interviews and secondary data collected during 2006 and 2019. The study uses a theoretical lens of environmental governance and salience as applied to stakeholders and social issues, and utilises Salience and Institutional Analysis and Design framework in qualitative data analysis. The study reveals that NGOs activism leads to changes in public policy, elevates salience of indigenous peoples as stakeholders and their concerns within the nexus of business-government-community operating at operational, collectivechoice and constitutional levels of environmental governance. New public policy incrementally addresses social issues at collective-choice level but actually limits the radical change at the constitutional level of environmental governance. As a result, NGO participation in public policy adds external legitimacy to government innovations, while paradoxically reifying the exclusion of indigenous peoples' groups from critical functions of environmental governance such as distribution of benefits from resource use and participation in modification of governance solutions.
Рязанский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова Аннотация: В статье представлен обзор современных подходов к исследованию конфликтного взаимодействия в медицинской сфере. Обоснована ограниченность традиционных моделей взаимодействия врача и пациента в современных условиях. Представлен частотный анализ субъективных и объективных причин возникновения конфликтов, описаны психологические механизмы, отражающие стереотипное восприятие друг друга сторонами конфликта. Приведены данные оригинальных исследований автора по оценке эталонных образов врача и больного. Обоснована перспектива применения организационно-структурного и личностноролевого подходов в дальнейших исследованиях конфликтного потенциала медицинской деятельности.
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