Issues. Numerous studies have examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol use changes in Europe, with concerns raised regarding increased use and related harms. Approach. We synthesised observational studies published between 1 January 2020 and 31 September 2021 on self-reported changes in alcohol use associated with COVID-19. Electronic databases were searched for studies evaluating individual data from European general and clinical populations. We identified 646 reports, of which 56 general population studies were suitable for random-effects meta-analyses of proportional differences in alcohol use changes. Variations by time, sub-region and study quality were assessed in subsequent meta-regressions. Additional 16 reports identified were summarised narratively. Key Findings. Compiling reports measuring changes in overall alcohol use, slightly more individuals indicated a decrease than an increase in their alcohol use during the pandemic [3.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00-7.6%]. Decreases were also reported more often than increases in drinking frequency (8.0%, 95% CI 2.7-13.2%), quantity consumed (12.2%, 95% CI 8.3-16.2%) and heavy episodic drinking (17.7%, 95% CI 13.6-21.8%). Among people with pre-existing high drinking levels/alcohol use disorder, high-level drinking patterns appear to have solidified or intensified. Implications. Pandemic-related changes in alcohol use may be associated with pre-pandemic drinking levels. Increases among high-risk alcohol users are concerning, suggesting a need for ongoing monitoring and support from relevant health-care services. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that more people reduced their alcohol use in Europe than increased it since the onset of the pandemic. However high-quality studies examining specific change mechanisms at the population level are lacking.

No abstract

following work outlines a study of the transformation of the educational process during the coronavirus pandemic. The object of the study is the Moscow region, which in the study is represented by seven universities. The subject of the research is the reports of students of these universities, which contain an opinion about the quality of distance education and the degree of satisfaction with it. Messages were collected and classified using machine learning methods-they were grouped according to various topics, from organizational issues to questions of personal well-being. Based on the results of the research carried out, a general assessment of the digital educational process by students is given.

No abstract

One of the key areas of modern information technology is the area of programming. Programming is the creation of various programs. If earlier it was, for the most part, about writing programs for the interaction of a user and a computer, today the applied field of programming is no longer limited to anything. These are programs for portable gadgets, medical equipment, space nanotechnology, and so on. Within the framework of this research, the work will focus on web development and specifically - on the development of a web application. This direction is quite popular, since the Internet segment has played a key role in human life. Whether it’s a government-owned company, a private enterprise, or a personal blog, having a website or application is a kind of business card. A web application is a client-server interaction model using browser software. In terms of their structure and logic of work, web applications often resemble the most common desktop solutions, but with one condition - such applications are always launched and executed in the browser.