The objective of this research is to assess the characteristics of the relationships between the cognitive and emotional components of ethnic, civic, and global identities with the emigration activity among students of Belarus (n=208), Kazakhstan (n=200), and Russia (n=250) aged 18 to 25 years. The assessment of emigration activity was carried out using six items. To measure identity types, we used the Questionnaire for assessing the positivity and uncertainty of ethnic identity by A.N. Tatarko and N.M. Lebedeva and the Identification with All Humanity Scale by S. McFarland in adaptation of T.A. Nestik. The negative assessment of one’s own ethnicity is a predictor to emigration intentions among Belarusian students. Students in Kazakhstan and Russia have emigration intentions connected with a positive attitude towards the global community of people and a negative attitude towards citizens of their countries. In addition, Russian students with a high level of emigration intentions have imprecise representations of their own ethnicity. Emigration behavior of Belarusian students have links with negative attitudes towards the citizens of their country and towards their own ethnic affiliation. In Russian students, this behavior is also associated with a negative attitude towards the citizens of their country, but combined with a positive attitude towards the global community of people. Kazakhstani students have no statistically significant links in this case. The results confirm the importance of taking into account the civic and sociocultural contexts when organizing activities to prevent the emigration behavior of youth.
Objective. In our study we implemented analysis of the COVID-19 fear, the hierarchy of social axioms and the equivalence of the relationships between fear of COVID-19 and social axioms among students-millennials, citizens of post-Soviet States with different strategies for dealing with the pandemic. Background. The risk of being traumatized by fear of COVID-19 requires monitoring of this fear manifestation among different socio-demographic groups. It is additionally important to identify the psychological factors that reduce fear. Study design. Empirical data were collected through the online survey from January 2021 to April 2021. The data were processed using Mann-Whitney U-criterion as well as multigroup structural equation modeling (MGSEM). Participants. Russian-speaking university students aged 18 to 25 participated in the study. They were citizens of Belarus (208 respondents, 25% men), Kazakhstan (200 respondents, 26% men) and Russia (250 respondents, 25% men). Measurements. The online questionnaire included the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), tested on the Russian-language sample by A. Reznik with colleagues, and the “Social Axiom Questionnaire” (QSA-31), developed and tested by A.N. Tatarko and N.M. Lebedeva. Moreover, the online question¬naire included questions about socio-demographic characteristics. Results. The study showed that the fear of COVID-19 is higher among Kazakhstanians and Belarusians than among Russians. Students of these countries have the same hierarchical structure of social axioms. Additionally they have the positive relationship of the COVID-19 fear to the social axiom “fate control” and the negative relationship of the COVID-19 fear to the social axiom “social complexity”. Conclusions. Fear of COVID-19 is more prevalent among young people in countries with the weakest and most severe restrictive measures during the pandemic. Students-millennials are more focused on the axioms «reward for application» and «social complexity» than on the axioms «social cynicism», «religiosity» and «fate control». The belief in the complexity of the social world and the denial of total fate control over human life can be psychological resources of COVID-19 fear preventing among youth.
There is considered the determination of total evaporation and the change in basin moisture reserves at given annual and seasonal values of precipitation and river runoff over a long-term period of hydro meteorological observations. In the engineering hydrology practice,the most common approach to determining total evaporation using only data on runoff and precipitation is to estimate it by the difference in total precipitation and river runoff. Moreover, the assumption is made that the change in basin moisture reserves for medium and large river basins over a sufficiently long period of time is close to zero. Based on this, in this work, we developed a technique that allows, when determining the total annual and seasonal evaporation from the land surface and reservoirs, to take into account the change in basin moisture reserves, since under real conditions the formed basin moisture reserves of the previous period are involved in the formation of both river runoff and total evaporation of next period. As the main mathematical tool, the work uses the correlation equation interlinking the considered elements of the water balance. Equations are obtained that determine the share of moisture reserves involved in the formation of river flow and total evaporation. Equations have been obtained that determine the proportion of basin moisture reserves involved in the formation of river runoff and total evaporation. Equations are proposed of the connection between runoff and precipitation and changes in annual moisture reserves with the share of moisture reserves involved in the formation of river runoff. The equations allowed estimating the values of total evaporation and moisture reserves in the basin in relation to the Don basin. Equations of the river runoff dependence on total precipitation of the Don basin have been obtained. As the initial hydro meteorological material there were used the data of the State Water Registry, surface water resources and hydrological yearbooks, as well as observational data from information and reference systems, such as the website of the All-Union Research Institute of Hydro meteorological Information – World Data Center – www. meteo.ru. As a result of the conjugated timing analysis of the elements of the water balance of the Don River basin, it has been established that in the basin the influence of natural factors is dominated.
Objectives. Define the relationship between values and emigration intentions of student youth. Background. In the current conditions of growing emigration sentiment and real emigration behavior of Russian youth, the problem of identifying psychological predictors of emigration intentions of students as a group characterized by expressed cognitive motivation, high educational level, social activity and mobility is particularly significant. Study design. The author draws on the provisions of A. Aisen’s theory of planned behavior and S. Schwartz’s theory of basic individual values. A face-to-face anonymous questionnaire was conducted on the basis of the four largest universities in the city of Smolensk. The choice of the region is due to its border situation and low indicators of economic development. Participants. 255 students aged 17 to 24 (47% young man and 53% young girls). Measurements. The main empirical method was poll. The questionnaire included “Portrait Value Questionnaire” (PVQ-RR) by S. Schwartz, closed questions to identify emigration intentions and open and closed questions to identify socio-demographics data of respondents. Data processing methods were used. These were frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, α-Chronbach, structural equation modeling (SEM). Results. The desire to emigrate from Russia is expressed in more than half of respondents. Statistically significant connections of emigration intentions of respondents and meta-values “Conservation” (negative interrelation), “Self-Transcendence” and “Self-Enhancement” (positive interrelations) have been found. Conclusions. The emigration sentiment of most student youth is passive and not linked to active activity. The relationships between meta-values and emigration intentions confirm the presence of two different types of emigration motivation in modern students. On the one hand, tolerance, understanding, care, justice and their implementation in the future in the country of planned stay are significant for them. Emigration, on the other hand, is an opportunity to gain wealth and power. Denying the value of the “Conservation” meta-value is more the value basis of emigration readiness than the manifestation of a particular emigration motive.
Выявлены и проанализированы структура и содержание социальных представлений об эмиграции и эмигранте у студентов. Представлены материалы эмпирического исследования, полученные на выборке, состоящей из 255 человек в возрасте от 17 до 24 лет (53% девушек и 47% юношей), студентов четырех крупных вузов г. Смоленска. Выбор региона обусловлен его приграничным положением и невысокими показателями социально-экономического развития. Методами были: анкетирование с использованием метода свободных словесных ассоциаций для определения содержания и структуры социальных представлений студентов об эмиграции, открытого вопроса для выявления содержания социальных представлений студенчества об эмигранте, открытых и закрытых вопросов для выявления социально-демографических показателей респондентов. Данные обрабатывались с помощью прототипического анализа (по П. Вержесу) и контент-анализа. Выявлено соответствие ядерных компонентов социальных представлений студентов об эмиграции основным элементам научного определения данного феномена. Согласно содержанию периферической системы, в представлениях студентов-смолян присутствуют три контекста рассмотрения феномена эмиграции: два из них отражают представления о нем как о вынужденной форме поведения с превалирующим европейским направлением движения, а один - ее добровольный характер как поведения, предоставляющего дополнительные возможности и перспективы. Последнее может являться предиктором формирования эмиграционных намерений у молодежи. Образ эмигранта в сознании большинства респондентов имеет позитивные черты, что несет в себе дополнительные риски в плане вероятного распространения эмиграционных намерений в студенческой среде. The article is aimed at identifying and analyzing the structure and the content of social representations of emigration and emigrant among students. An empirical study is presented, sample: 255 students aged 17 to 24 (53% young women and 47% young men). A face-to-face anonymous questionnaire was conducted among students of four large universities from town Smolensk. The choice of the region is due to its border situation and low indicators of social and economic development. Empirical methods: questionnaire involving the free verbal association technique to determine the content and the structure of students' representations of emigration, an open question to identify the content of representations of an emigrant, open and closed questions to determine the social and demographic data of respondents. For data processing, we used prototypical analysis (by P. Verges) and content analysis. We revealed the correspondence of the nuclear components in students' social representation of emigration with the main elements in the scientific definition of this phenomenon. In the peripheral system of Smolensk students’ representations of emigration there are three contexts of emigration phenomenon. Two contexts reflect representations of emigration as a forced form of behaviour with the dominant European direction of movement. The third context reflects the voluntary nature of emigration as a behaviour that provides additional opportunities and perspectives. The last context may be a predictor for shaping emigration intentions among young people. The image of emigrant in the minds of most students from Smolensk has positive traits. This has additional risks of spreading emigration intentions among Smolensk youth.
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