The article is devoted to one of the most important issues of urban planning -the coexistence of water bodies and the city. Vulnerability of natural waters in the urban environment is compared to the circulatory system of the human body. For illustrative purpose, the great Leonardo da Vinci, who initiated regional redevelopment using both river resources and human activities, is cited. The status of river ecosystems of the city of Kiev is considered retrospectively. The Dnieper River is the main waterway of Kiev. It is this great European river that gave birth to one of the world's most beautiful cities -Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. The River Dnieper plays an important role in the modern life of the city as well as it did in the ancient times. The article highlights and suggests ways to elaborate environmental problems of the Dnieper River today. The article describes numerous small rivers of Kiev and artificially created lakes of the Opechen system which along with other water areas form a rich water network of Kiev. It emphasizes the contribution of Kiev builders in the creation of new housing estates and the Kiev Venice canal by the method of hydronium which was later introduced in world practice. Most regrettably, the river harbor on the historic river Pochayna and the drinking water source were lost for the people of Kiev in the course of time. The article shows the interrelation of modern factors of anthropogenic load on the water area of Kiev as well as the coexistence of the river and the costal territories. Actions are proposed to preserve ecosystems in accord with the Water Code of Ukraine. Finally, measures are put forward to revival and preservation of reservoirs and their coastal areas. Professional planning of river areas and the establishment of restrictive green lines will help preserve the natural component of the urban body of Kiev.
Остеопороз-распространенное заболевание, поражающее одну из трех женщин и одного из 10 мужчин в возрасте после 50 лет, которое характеризуется комбинацией сниженной костной массы скелета и изменениями микроархитектоники кости. Близнецовые и семейные исследования показали, что индивидуальная вариабельность костной массы на 50-80% детерминируется генетическими факторами [1-3]. Вместе с тем, по-видимому, этот эффект обусловлен комбинированным влиянием нескольких генов, каждый из которых вносит лишь незначительный вклад в вариабельность костной массы [4]. Для выявления генов, участвующих в детерминации костной массы, используют два разных подхода: анализ сцепления в семьях и изучение генов-кандидатов в группах больных и контроля. Анализ сцепления наиболее трудоемкий по сравнению с анализом больной-контроль. Трансформирующий фактор роста бета-1 (ТФР-β1) является наиболее частой из 3-х изоформ ТФР-β в сыворотке и костной ткани. ТФР-β1 продуцируется остеобластами как неактивный пропептид, который встраивается во вновь образующийся костный матрикс. В процессе костной резорбции пропептид активируется кислым содержимым зоны резорбции, расположенной под остеокластом. ТФР-β1тормозит активность остеокластов и стимулирует пролиферацию и дифференциацию преостеобластов. Таким образом, эффект ТФР-β1 в костном ремоделирова
Unwanted events of systemic steroids (SS) could be predicted by genetic testing for predisposition to the steroid induced osteoporosis. The current study was designed to investigate association between TaqI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR), bone mineral densi ty (BMD) and rate of vertebral and extravertebral fractures in patients with severe asthma and long term steroid therapy. The study involved 54 patients (15 males, 39 premenopausal females aged up to 50 years). BMD was measured at lumbar spine and proximal femur using dual X ray absorptiopmetry (Hologic QDR 4500A). Frequencies of TT, Tt and tt genotypes, T and t alleles of the VDR gene (TaqI polymor phism) were analyzed by the RFLP method. The patients with the tt genotype had lower BMD and higher frequency of fractures as compared to the careers of TT or Tt genotypes (p < 0.001) independently on age, daily and cumulative steroid doses, and duration of SS treatment. Testing for the VDR gene polymorphism is thought to allow detection patients at greater risk of steroid induced osteoporosis.
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