This research modelled the effect of pH on the remediation of crude oil-polluted soil using biochar blend. The biochar blends, PL-500, pW-500, and RS-400, were made by pyrolyzing poultry litter, pine wood, and rice straw at varied temperatures and times. The pH of the crude oil polluted soil was 4.72. Response surface experimental design mixed biochar to remediate total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Following 30 days of bioremediation, 15g PL-500, 3g PW-500 and 6g RS-400, removed a maximum of 46% TPH. The experimental data were statistically modelled and optimized using design expert software and response surface methods. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of each regression coefficient. Biochar blend improved soil pH to 6.9 following remediation. ANOVA indicated that PL-500 was significant for predicting TPH % degradation at p =0.0290, suggesting that its high pH, nutrient, and soil water conservation values made it more effective in remediating TPH. The quadratic model predicts with R2 =0.8567. A model fit statistics were used to examine soil pH influence on TPH remediation. RSM study indicated a good positive association between statistical model and experiment with R2 = 0.7612. The model fits experimental data and predicts that . Remediation requires soil pH and biochar's alkalinity raised soil pH to 6.9, which promoted hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria.
Noise from 12 religious structures was mapped in the Rumu-Okwachi community. Religious noise in residential settings is a growing concern. Noise levels for daytime religious activity were monitored before, during, and after religious sessions at 15 sample sites defined by superimposing 150-by-150-meter gridlines. The findings showed that during religious activities, the highest equivalent noise level (Leq) was 75.5 (dBA) at sampling point 13, whereas during religious non-activities, it was 63.3 (dBA) at point 7. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed p<0.05 that the average daily noise level differed across sample sites. The highest peak noise level (L10), intermediate noise level (L50), and background noise level (L90) were recorded on Sundays during religious events. The geographical distribution of Leq values at all sample sites verified the noise map's prediction of higher Leq values during religious occasions, with Sunday having the highest Leq values of 69.2054 to 75.544. (dBA). The noise indices were compared to the WHO's recommended noise exposure limit, which showed that during religious events, the Leq values were higher than the WHO's recommended noise standard, with the maximum noise pollution level (NPL) being 96.17 (dBA). This suggests that residents of this neighborhood may experience bothersome noise levels.
Analysis of particulate matter (PM) PM2.5 and PM10 was done around a cement company in Rivers State, Nigeria. Measurements were taken for the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 and other atmospheric parameters at intervals of 100 m up to 1000 m and field observation was carried out for two days. The temperature of the area varied between 26.6 degrees and 33.3 degrees, relative humidity was between 70.2 and 98.2% and the wind speed ranged from 0.2 to 3.6 m/s. The minimum PM10 and PM2.5 values were 38 and 18 µg/m3 respectively and the maximum PM10 and PM2.5 values were 616 and 298 µg/m3 respectively. A two way analysis of variance was done at 5 % level of significance to determine the influence the time the measurement was taken and the distance from the stack have on the particulate matter concentration. P values were lower than P = .05 therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. The pollution index for PM10 was determined and about 86% of the pollution index are above 100, 80% are above 150 and about 21% is above 400. About 96% of the pollution index for PM2.5 is above 100, 87% are above 150 and about 21% are above 300. As shown on Air quality index charts, values between 100 and 150 are unhealthy for sensitive groups, values above 150 are unhealthy, and values above 300 are hazardous while values above 400 are very hazardous. It is concluded that the ground level concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 up to 1200 m from the stack is generally unhealthy for the receptors.
Using linear regression techniques, the daytime vehicle traffic noise levels at four significant crossings in Port Harcourt were analyzed and predicted. These are the crossroads of Rumuokwuta, Agip, 1st Artillery, and GRA. These crossroads are often quite active with both traffic and pedestrian activity. The sound levels, relative humidity and wind speed along with temperature were all measured using a sound level meter, relative humidity meter, and anemometer, respectively. Data on traffic volume was also gathered throughout the sample period. This was carried out for a total of 10 hours each day beginning at 7 am throughout the course of three days at each site. For the different sites, noise indices including equivalent noise level (Leq), statistical measure (Ln), noise climate (NC), traffic noise index (TNI), and noise pollution level (NPL) were calculated. With the exception of the GRA junction, statistical analysis reveals that there is no change in the data recorded at the various times of the day (p>0.05). The estimated indices from all sites were compared, and there was no discernible difference (p>0.05). Agip had the lowest TNI at 44.04 dB(A), while Rumuokwuta junction had the highest at 49.7 dB(A). The maximum Leq of 74.9 dB(A) was observed at 1st Artillery while the minimum of 74.1 dB(A) was recorded at Agip. GRA junction recorded the maximum NPL as 76.99 dB(A), while Rumuokwuta had the lowest as 76.3 dB(A). A linear model idea for forecasting noise from independent variables, including the atmospheric conditions and traffic count, was calibrated using multiple linear regression modeling. The coefficient of determination was discovered to vary between 0.5 and 0.95 after dimension reduction by the plotting of standardized charts.
The study investigated the optimum conditions for the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution using plantain peels activated carbon. Low-cost adsorbents were produced from unripe plantain peel by both physical and chemical activation processes at carbonization temperature of 400oC for 2 hrs. The chemical activated unwashed carbon (UPPAC) was activated with ZnCl2 at impregnation ratio of 1:2 while the physical activated carbon (NAPPC) was not impregnated with any chemical. The produced carbons were characterized in terms of surface area, porosity, iodine number, ash content, carbon yield and pH. The result showed that the physicochemical properties of UPPAC were significantly higher than those of NAPPC having surface area of 957 m2/g, porosity of 32.2%, iodine number of 736 mg/g, ash content of 9.02% and carbon yield of 65%. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of phenol from the aqueous solution using UPPAC was based on three variables, contact time, adsorbate concentration and adsorbate pH. A total of 27 experimental runs were used to study the effects of these parameters using the response surface methodology (RSM) as the experimental design. The result of the batch adsorption was found to increase with initial adsorbate concentration and contact time but decreases with increase adsorbate pH. UPPAC achieved optimum percentage removal of 91% at initial phenol concentration of 21 mg/g and its removal was pH dependent (pH 2), better at acidic conditions. The amount adsorbed also increased with contact time until equilibrium was reached at 150 mins. Thus, chemically activated unripe plantain peel can be used for the removal of phenol from aqueous solution.
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