For many rural communities in the United States, tourists and retirees make a major contribution to the local economy. The role of recreational home ownership in these communities is not well understood. We examine the attitudes toward land use controls and local economic development among seasonal and permanent residents. We compare growth machine and local dependency theory explanations for support of land use controls and growth activities. Based on focus groups and survey data collected from seasonal and permanent residents of a northern Wisconsin county, we find that full‐time (permanent) residents are much more supportive of local economic development activities and less likely to favor land use planning than are seasonal residents. Socioeconomic differences between seasonal and permanent residents do not explain away the variation between the two groups in these attitudes. Among seasonal residents, support for land use controls declines as they spend more time at their lake homes. The results tend to support Cox and Mair's local dependency thesis.
A mobile node has a finite and decreasing energy. When finding routes, energy aware routing increases the network lifetime. Energy saving mechanism is required for the efficient operation of the battery powered network. In general, all the neighboring nodes overhear transmission when a node is transmitting a packet. Overhearing is caused by receiving information that is not addressed to it. Energy consumed by overhearing nodes is same as that of receiving nodes. The main aim of this work is to develop an energy conserving mechanism to reduce energy expenditure due to overhearing. To minimize energy, number of overhearing nodes is randomly selected based on probability. This probability based overhearing is integrated with AODV routing protocol. This proposed approach is implemented in NS2 simulator. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-end delay and energy consumption of the network.
General TermsMobile Ad hoc Networks, QoS Routing.
MANets are very sensitive to control overhead packets due to its limited capacity. If available bandwidth is not accurately estimated, nodes will accept extra QoS requests and network will be overloaded. To improve the available bandwidth and to reduce the control overhead associated with the backoff scheme employed in MAC (Medium Access Control) layer; pipelined concept is applied to backoff procedure. Pipelined process also reduces collision probability. When the medium is busy, remaining nodes start the contention procedure in parallel for the next packet transmission. This reduces the channel waiting time. Bandwidth loss due to collision, pipelined backoff and idle time synchronization are estimated and final available bandwidth is calculated. This bandwidth measurement algorithm is integrated into routing protocol called enhanced QoS AODV (Quality of Service Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector) to find the best route based on bandwidth constraint. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the performance of the network in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, effective bandwidth utilization, energy consumption for different number of nodes.
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