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The investigation on fabrication of Fe3O4-chitosan-pectinase nanobiocatalyst was performed by covalently binding the pectinase onto carboxyl group activated chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs). The morphological and size distribution analysis of the different magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was done using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the average diameter was 11.07 ± 3.04, 11.55 ± 3.16, and 11.59 ± 3.16 nm for MNPs, CMNPs, and fabricated nanobiocatalyst, respectively, suggesting that there was no significant change in the size of MNPs after coating and binding. The characteristic peaks occurred at 2θ of 30.39, 35.43, 43.37, 57.22, and 62.9, and their corresponding indices 220, 311, 400, 520, and 441 for different MNPs from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the presence of Fe3O4 with the spinel structure, and there was no phase change even after coating and binding. The various required characteristic absorption peaks (575, 585, 1,563, 1,614, 1,651, and 1,653 cm(-1)) from Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the surface modifications and binding of pectinase onto the MNPs. At the weight ratio of about 19.8 × 10(-3) mg bound pectinase/mg activated CMNPs, the activity of fabricated nanobiocatalyst was found to be maximum. In order to monitor their improved activity, the pH, temperature, reusability, storage ability, and kinetic studies were established.

Statistical experimental designs were applied to optimize the fermentation medium for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production. Plackett–Burman design was applied to identify the significance of seven medium variables, in which sweet potato and yeast extract were found to be the significant variables for EPS production. Central composite design was applied to evaluate the optimum condition of the selected variables. Maximum EPS production of 9.3 g/L was obtained with the predicted optimal level of sweet potato 10 %, yeast extract 0.75 %, 5.5 pH, and time 100 h. The determined (R2) value was 0.97, indicating a good fitted model for EPS production. Results of this study showed that sweet potato can be utilized as a low-cost effective substrate for pullulan production in submerged fermentation.

Many industrial processes experience the advantages of enzymes which evolved the demand for enzymatic technologies. The enzyme immobilisation technology using different carriers has trustworthy applications in industrial biotechnology as these techniques encompass varied advantages such as enhanced stability, activity along with reusability. Immobilisation onto nanomaterial is highly favourable as it includes almost all aspects of science. Among the various techniques of immobilisation, the uses of nanoparticles are remarkably well perceived as these possess high-specific surface area leading to high enzyme loadings. The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are burgeoning in the field of immobilisation as it possess some of the unique properties such as high surface area to volume ratio, uniform particle size, biocompatibility and particularly the recovery of enzymes with the application of an external magnetic field. Immobilisation of industrially important enzymes onto nanoparticles offers overall combined benefits. In this review, the authors here focus on the current scenario in synthesis and functionalisation of MNPs which makes it more compatible for the enzyme immobilisation and its application in the biotechnological industries.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of four different treatment regimens for repeat breeder dairy cattle with antibiotic and hormonal. The study was conducted in 50 apparently healthy crossbred repeat breeding dairy cows and divided in to five groups with 10 animals each. Animals of group 1 were administered 2 ml of hydroxyl progesterone i/m administered on 4 th day of estrum after 1 st insemination. Animal in group 2, were administered 60 ml of diluted cephalixen intra uternally immediately after the first time artificial insemination. Animals in group 3 and 4 were administered i/m 1500 IU human chronic gonadotrophin and i/m 10 mg GnRH analogue respectively, immediately after first insemination. All the 5 groups' animals were re-inseminated at interval of 12 hrs after the first insemination. The group 5 animals were inseminated without any hormone or antibiotic therapy and were kept as control for the various treatments. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out in all groups at 60 days after AI by per rectal examination. Analysis of data showed that there was a significant lower in duration of estrum in the treatment compared to control group except group 2. The conception rate in groups 1 to 5 was 40; 40; 50; 30 and 30 per cent respectively. A maximum of 50 per cent conception rate was observed in group 3 repeat breeder dairy cows. All groups were re-inseminated at 12 hrs interval for increasing the conception rate in repeat breeder dairy cows with prolonged oestrum.