Phytochemicals are compounds derived from plants that are assumed to have defensive role against certain disease. They have antioxidants, anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antithrombic and anti-inflammatory properties. They have a high specificity to boost the immune system and play important role in the metabolism of hormones. The current study is based on qualitative and quantitative evaluation of total phenolics contents, phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential, free and bound phenolic acids in selected vegetables available at the local market of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Two different extraction procedures ultrasonic-assisted base hydrolysis extraction and sonication extraction were used. Total 13 phenolic compounds were found and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in which Ferulic acid was quantified in a higher amount of 16.71 mg/g in bitter gourd. Total phenolic contents were determined by using Perklin-Elmer lambda UV/Visible spectrophotometer and higher concentration was found in Bitter gourd 92.56 mg 100/g as compared to Luffa and Brinjal with 79.03 and 66.56 mg 100/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) was measured at ?max of 517 nm, results revealed that Bitter gourd possessed the higher antioxidant activity with 182.61 µMol/g followed by Luffa and Brinjal with 112.94 and 82.96 µMol/g. The total Flavonoid contents were higher in Brinjal with 44.32 mg g-1 whereas Luffa and Bitter gourd possess the Flavonoid concentration in the range 38.02 and 34.64mg g-1 respectively, the total tannin contents also higher in Brinjal 31.40 mg/g follwed by in Luffa and Bitter gourd with 25.17 and 21.19 mg/g respectively. Antimicrobial activity showed that, all the extracts are the highly effective against S. aureus as compared to E. coli. Finally, it is concluded that all the selected vegetables are very good sources of Phenolic compounds as well as phytochemicals and should be included in the daily human diet for good health. On the basis of obtained results, it is also suggested that these samples will be further investigated for the determination of fatty acids by GC-MS and liquid chromatography-mass spectrum (LC-MS).
An investigation on loss assessment of Tobacco Cutworm (Spodoptera litura F.) on turnip crop was under taken during winter season, 1998-99 at Z.A. Bhutto Agricultural College, Dokri, Sindh, Pakistan. The seeds of local turnip variety were planted during second week of October, 1998. The insect population observations were recorded one month after sowing. The population of cutworm remained on turnip crop from November, 1998 to February, 1999, which indicated one generation of the pest on turnip crop. The maximum population of Tobacco Cutworm (Spodoptera litura F.) was 11.72 per plant, which recorded 12.25 percent damage in the crop at 19.97ºC temperature and 75.85% relative humidity. The population of Tobacco Cutworm was significantly correlated with the age of the turnip plants. During November-December (vegetative stage) the population percentage was positively correlated and showed increasing trend (b= 0.24). However, population was negatively correlated and had decreasing trend (b=-0.249) when the crop was at maturity phase. This was due to the fact that crop early growth phase had sufficient number of green leaves containing chlorophyll which favoured the pest population for the food and survival.
The present study was undertaken to study the effect of exogenously applied six hydrogen peroxide H2O2 concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µM) as seed primer on two wheat varieties (Khirman and Inqalab) under salt and non-salt water levels (0 and 100 mM NaCl). The oxidizing effects were measured and estimated using the wheat index of different salt and non-salt water levels, as well as H2O2 soaking seed at varying fixations and concentrations. The H2O2 as a seed primer impacted on growth, yield and physiological and biochemical aspects such as moisture content, sodium potassium substance and sodium potassium content under H2O2 and NaCl levels. The results revealed that the exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide was effective in increasing tolerance of wheat under salt stress. The Khirman and Inqalab varieties could be established and cultivated under saline conditions. 60?M treatment of H2O2 is seen with the strongest impacts. Progress has contributed to enhance physiological and biochemical features of stress outflow, which promote growth.
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