In the development of effective methods of prevention and treatment of poultry today, importance is given to probiotics based on microbial cultures, in particular, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, yeast, etc. In contrast to antibiotics, the use of probiotics stimulates the immune response of animals, restores the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, and ensures its optimal ratio. At the same time, livestock products remain safe for the consumer. The purpose of our work was to conduct comparative clinical trials of the efficiency of the probiotic feed additive Probion-forte in terms of productivity, blood indices, and histological structure of immune organs of chicken broilers during fattening. The clinical studies were carried out with broiler chickens of “Cobb-500” cross at the age of 2 days, which were formed into four groups (300 units in each one). In order to determine the efficiency of application, probiotic feed additives were given to chickens in different concentrations during the growing period, together with the main diet. The first group (1st) was given probiotic Probion-forte in the dose of 1 g/kg of feed, the second group (2nd) – Probion-forte in a dose of 0.5 g/kg, the third (3rd) one – a probiotic-analog “Bio plus 2B” in a dose of 0.4 g/kg; the forth (4th) group was a control group – chickens received an essential diet, without adding any feed additives. The compound feed was provided according to norms recommended for the cross “Cobb-500”, considering age. On the 15th, 30th, and 43rd day of the test, 20 units were selected for hematological, pathomorphological and microbiological tests. The productivity of birds of all studied groups was evaluated by the average daily gains, safety, feed conversion, and slaughter output. The stabilized with EDTA chicken blood was used for morphological studies, and blood serum – for biochemical and immunological studies. Comparative clinical studies have shown that adding to the main diet of broiler chickens probiotic feed additive Probion-forte at a dose of 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg throughout the growing period increases the safety and improves feed digestibility, and increases the bird’s European Efficiency Index. Based on the obtained hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters of blood, it can be argued about the activating effect on the body of broiler chickens probiotic feed additives, namely the intensification of reanimation of free amino acids, which increases the content of the studied metabolites of lipid metabolism, which chickens use as energy and plastic material. Stimulating cellular and humoral protection, nonspecific resistance is established, confirmed by a high level of lysozyme activity in blood serum and significantly higher content of T- and B-lymphocytes, NK-cells, and γ-globulins. The macro- and microscopic structure of the studied immune organs is preserved in all groups of broiler chickens. Compared with the control group, morphometric examination in the immune organs of broiler chickens of the first and second groups revealed an increase in the area and density of lymphoid elements, an increase in the number of plasmablasts and plasma cells, much higher structural and functional capacity of cells, which was reflected at the ultrastructural level. The most significant difference was found in the 1st group of chickens fed with the feed additive Probion-forte at a dose of 1.0 g/kg of feed.
An important feature of living organisms, acquired in the process of evolution, is the ability to adapt to various external influences and changes in the environment, to maintain homeostasis and regulatory processes in organs, systems and the body as a whole. However, with modern breeding technologies, the physiological capabilities of the animal's body are often unable to change as quickly as required by the conditions of industrial maintenance, which leads to stress. Vitamin preparations and biologically active feed additives are widely used by veterinary medicine specialists to increase resistance to stressful situations, disease prevention, increase resistance, safety and productivity of farm animals. Preparation L-tsyn, solution for injection (manufactured by BIOTESTLAB LLC), is a drug, the action of which is due to the prescription combination of active substances, namely: butaphosphane, B vitamins (vitamin B12, vitamin B3) and L-carnitine. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the drug L-tsyn on horses under the influence of stressors of various natures. Two experiments on working horses with constant, excessive physical activity with chronic exercises and with complex therapy of intoxication with signs of acute renal failure in horse were conducted. Clinical trials of the drug were performed on working horses aged 5–15 years, of different sexes. The drug was administered in a dose of 20–25 ml per animal, 1 time per day for 5 consecutive days. The clinical condition of the experimental animals was observed for 21 days from the start of the drug. The morpho-functional state of the animal's body before and after the drug was established according to the indicators of the clinical condition, morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood, which were determined according to generally accepted methods. In working horses under excessive load the drug L-tsyn activated the processes of hematopoiesis, improved the physiological state of the body and contributed to the increase the general tone of the body. The drug as part of complex therapy in the treatment of intoxication, showed hepato- and nephroprotective properties, reduced the manifestations of intoxication, helped to restoration of the animal’s normal physiological state. According to the results of clinical, hematological and biochemical studies, it can be concluded that the drug L-tsyn has a stimulating effect on metabolic processes in the animals’ body, shows tonic properties, increases the body's resistance to toxins and adverse environmental factors and can be used as monotherapy and for the complex treatment of diseases of various etiologies in horses.
In order to improve the digestibility and absorption of feed, metabolic processes, growth and development of animals, increase the resistance of the body immunomodulatory agents, probiotics, prebiotics, combined enzyme-probiotic feed additives are widely used. The purpose of our work was to conduct comparative clinical trials of the effectiveness of the probiotic feed additive Probion-forte in terms of productivity, blood indices and histological structure of individual internal pigs organs during fattening. The researches were carried out on 120 piglets of big white breed at the age of 28 days, which were divided into 4 groups with 30 units in each one. The probiotics were added to feed in different concentrations in order to determine their efficiency and examine influence on piglets organism: the first group was given probiotic Probion-forte in dose of 1.0 g/kg (10 weeks); the second one – Probion in dose of 1.0 g/kg (6 weeks) and 0.5 g/kg (4 weeks); the third one was given probiotic Bio Plus 2B in dose of 0.4 g/kg for 10 weeks; and the fourth one was a control group. The compound feed was provided according to norms recommended for big white breed taking into account age. On the 42nd day (6 weeks) and on the 70th day of test 10 units were selected for haematological, pathomorphological and microbiological tests. The productivity of animals of all studied groups was evaluated by the average daily gains, safety, feed conversion and slaughter output. The stabilized with EDTA piglets’ blood was used for morphological studies, and blood serum – for biochemical studies. The clinical trials have shown that the application of Probion-forte, as a feed additive for fattening of piglets within 10 weeks after weaning, did not cause adverse reactions, was well tolerated by animals and contributed to the improvement of the processes of erythropoiesis and leucopoiesis, increased of serum total protein content. The increasing activity of serum transaminases indicated more intense metabolic processes in experimental animals’ organism, which was confirmed by increase in average daily weight gains and slaughter output compared to control. In the microscopic examination of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, intestines, liver, the characteristic histological structure of the organs was preserved and indicated their active morphofunctional state throughout the study period. Morphometrically the increase in the height of the villi in the duodenum and the size of the thymus lobes in piglets, which were fed with probiotic feed additives was established. The efficiency and appropriateness of the application of these products was confirmed in the first and second experimental groups. However, the most significant difference was observed in piglets fed with Probion-forte for 10 weeks at a dose of 1.0 g/kg of feed.
The article presents the results of clinical trials of tolerability of the drug, containing the flavonoid quercetin, on clinically healthy cats. Quercetin is a biologically active substance found in many plants. Some pharmacological effects of quercetin have been discovered recently and are being intensively studied. The results of numerous studies show that quercetin may possess antioxidant, membraneprotective, gastro-, nephro-, hepato-, cardio-protective, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory action. The bioavailability of quercetin is highest in combination with pectin and insoluble oligosaccharides, which is associated with changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microflora. One of the prerequisites for the development and testing of new veterinary medicinal products, both in the context of national legislation and the requirements of the international community for the registration of medicinal products, is to conduct clinical trials in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (GCP). This is especially true of drugs with a new substance, the pharmacological properties and effectiveness of which have not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, to assess the tolerability, safety and efficacy of the drug containing quercetin, a comprehensive clinical trial was performed on small pets (cats). The study was conducted in veterinary clinics on healthy cats of all ages, genders and breeds. The drug was administered orally at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight with food for 30 days. Blood sampling was performed before drug use and on 30 and 60 days of the experiment. The effect of the drug was assessed by clinical indicators, as well as hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood of cats. Stabilized EDTA blood was used for morphological studies and blood serum for biochemical studies. According to the assessment of the animal clinical condition and laboratory data, the tolerability of the studied drug when administered orally to clinically healthy cats was good. According to the results of comparison of clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters obtained on the 30th and 60th day of the experiment, and before the use of the drug, no negative changes were detected. The results of biochemical tests of cats serum blood on 30th day indicated a reliable increase, within normal limits, in glucose, urea, creatinine content, increased alanine aminotransferase and catalase activity, decreased gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and decreased content of diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde – main peroxide oxidation indexes. Serum protein spectrum parameters were stable throughout the experiment. On the 60th day of drug application, recovery to the initial values of majority cats serum parameters was detected, compared with the values obtained on the 30th day of the experiment. According to the indicators of the antioxidant system of cats, the activity of serum superoxide dismutase and the content of diene conjugates during this period of the experiment remained at the level of the 30th day. Serum catalase activity decreased, compared to the values on the 30th day, but did not differ significantly from initial indices, and the content of malonic dialdehyde in the serum of animals decreased reliably. This indicated a decrease in the intensity of the formation of toxic compounds in the cats body and pronounced antioxidant properties of the drug “Hepanephran”. The results of the studies show that when using the drug for 30 days there was an increase in body tone, activation of hematopoiesis and antioxidant protection, stability of protein metabolism, serum biochemical profile and improvement of the physiological state of the study animals as a whole.
The article presents the results of clinical trials of tolerance of the drug, containing the flavonoid quercetin, on clinically healthy dogs. Quercetin is a biologically active substance that can have antioxidant, membrane, gastro-, nephro-, hepato-, cardioprotective, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory effects. The flavonoid quercetin belongs to the aglycones of many plant flavonoid glycosides of higher plants. Some pharmacological effects of quercetin have been discovered recently, but the prospects of its use in veterinary medicine are being intensively studied, given its promising positive effects on the animals` body. The bioavailability of quercetin is highest in combination with pectin and insoluble oligosaccharides, which is associated with changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the mammals’ intestinal micro flora. A prerequisite for the development and testing of new veterinary medicinal products in accordance with the requirements of the international community for the registration of medicinal products is the conduct of clinical trials in compliance with the requirements of "Good Clinical Practice" (GCP). The introduction of biologically active drugs in the practice of veterinary medicine requires careful researches on target species of animals. Therefore, to assess the tolerability, safety and efficiency of the drug containing quercetin, a comprehensive clinical trial was performed on small pets (dogs). The study was conducted in veterinary clinics on healthy dogs of all ages, genders and breeds. The drug was used at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight orally with food for 30 days. Blood sampling in test animals was performed before drug use and on days 30 and 60 of the experiment. The effect of the drug on the body was evaluated by clinical indicators, hematological and biochemical parameters of dogs' blood. Stabilized EDTA blood was used for morphological studies and blood serum for biochemical studies. According to the evaluation of the animals’ clinical condition and the obtained data of laboratory studies, it was found that the tolerance of the studied drug, administered orally to healthy dogs, was good. According to the results of comparison of clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters on the 30th and 60th day of the study with the initial data obtained before the use of the study drug, no negative changes were detected. Hematological studies indicated the activation of hematopoietic processes, normalization of leukogram parameters on 30th day after the drug application. Changes in the lymphocytes` content in the leukogram and the γ-globulin fraction in the protein-gram indicated a strengthening of dogs` immune protection. The results of biochemical studies of dogs's blood on the 30th day showed a reliable increase, within normal limits, in glucose, creatinine contents, increased catalase and alanine aminotransferase activity and decreased gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and the contents of diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde. Activation of protein metabolism was established, which was indicated by a reliable increase in the total serum protein content and albumin content in the dogs` proteinogram. On the 60th day of the drug application no significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood of dogs were detected. There was a slight decrease in the activity of catalase and SOD and a decrease in the content of malonic dialdehyde in the serum of dogs, compared with the values on the 30th day. This, in turn, showed a decrease in the intensity of the formation of toxic compounds in animals and pronounced antioxidant properties of the drug Hepanephran.
Recently, interest in the use of bacteriophage therapy in poultry has arisen in the context of the growing problem of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, as the need to find alternative antibacterial agents is urgent. In addition, EU legislation prohibits the use of antibiotics in feed to stimulate the growth of animals and poultry. Bafasal – a new and innovative agent based on natural components of the ecosystem, has a high specificity to Salmonella serovars, in particular, S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, S. mbandaka, S. gallinarum, S. іnfantis, which are most often diagnosed in poultry farming. This is the first bacteriophage product on the poultry market, which is recommended as a feed additive for broiler chickens. The article presents the results of studies on the safety of Bafasal under the application as a feed additive for the prevention of bacterial diseases in poultry breeding. Bafasal was used for chickens of the experimental group according to the following scheme: from 1 to 14 days of the experiment – per 10 chickens – 50 cm3 of feed additive dissolved to 0,5% concentration; and from 15 to 35 days – 100 cm3 of the drug dissolved to 0,25 % concentration. Feeding of poultry of the control and experimental groups was carried out with identical feeds in accordance with regulatory requirements, taking into account the age of the bird. The clinical condition of the bird’s body was monitored daily, on the 35th day of the experiment; ten chickens from each group were taken blood samples for further laboratory tests. The morphological and biochemical parameters of the broiler chicken’s blood under the application of Bafasal feed additive were studied. It was found that the hematological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens in the experimental group were within the physiological norm for poultry of this age on fattening, and therefore corresponded to the status of a conditionally healthy organism without signs of pathophysiological abnormalities. There was a reliable increase, within the physiological norm, in the relative number of lymphocytes by 11, 9 % (p <0,05) and a tendency to increasing the number of leukocytes, which showed a sufficient immune potential of the birds and an increase in cellular factors of natural resistance, compared with control chickens. According to the parameters of mineral metabolism, the serum content of Calcium and Phosphorus within the physiological norm was noted, which indicated a sufficient level of mineral supply of the organism of the experimental birds as a whole. In addition, in chicken fed Bafasal throughout the fattening period, the serum enzyme’s ALT, AST and creatine kinase activities and the content of total cholesterol not differ significantly from the control group, indicating the absence of signs of hepatotoxic effects of the studied feed additive.
Sodium-containing preparations have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activity, which determines their use in veterinary medicine. This effect is due to a wide range of physiological effects of sodium ions on animals metabolism. The article presents the results of experimental studies of the irritant effect of sodium-containing drugs: known – 2 % glycetinate, its analogues – 2 % ovocid, 3 % ovocid, 1.5 % potassium-sodium drug (Na / K, 1.5%). Studies of irritant and skin-resorptive action of drugs were performed by immersing the tail of animals in a test tube with the substance on white rats weighing 250–270 g. Four groups of rats were formed with 3 animals each: rats of I group (control) tails were immersed in test tubes with 2 % glycetinate, animals of II group – in test tubes with 2% oocide, III group – in test tubes with 3 % oocide, and in IV group rats – with Na / K, 1.5% drug. The exposure time was 4 hours. The animals were subjected to clinical observations, assessing their general condition and the reaction of the tail’s skin. The effect of drugs on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the rats blood was studied. The study of the local irritant effect of the studied drugs in rats from I, II and III groups showed a moderate local irritant reaction, as evidenced by the appearance of redness and thickening of the skin, and in group IV animals appeared only slight redness on the skin of the tails. This indicates a weaker local irritant effect of potassium-sodium-containing drug (1.5% K, Na), compared with other studied drugs. According to hematological studies, in the rats’s blood of groups III and IV, a reliable increase, within normal limits, the number of leukocytes and a decrease in hemoglobin content, compared with those of animals of group I. It was found that at 4 hours of the experiment under the action of the studied potassium-sodium drugs increases the permeability of Sodium and Potassium through the rats’s skin into the blood. In particular, in serum of animals from groups II and IV there was a reliable increase of Potassium content by 2.1 times, respectively, and a significant increase in Sodium content in the blood of animals from groups III and IV, compared with control group. In animals of groups II and IV there was a reliable increase of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, and in rats of group III – increase of serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase activity and in triacylglycerol’s content, compared with rats of group I, which indicates the effect of 2 % glycecin analogues on metabolic processes in animals.
Doxycycline is a bacteriostatic antibiotic from the group of tetracyclines, a semi-synthetic derivative of chloretracycline. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active in gram- positive and gram- negative bacteria, including some anaerobes. Therefore, the use of doxycycline drugs is relevant to solve the problem of treatment and control of mono- and polyinfections, which are caused by doxycycline sensitive and other antibiotics resistant to other antibiotics. The article presents the results of clinical studies of a new veterinary drug Doxal (water-soluble powder for oral administration), production of PJSC “Technologist” (Ukraine), an active pharmaceutical ingredient of which is doxycycline, in the treatment of acute intestinal disease in broiler chickens. A high level of therapeutic efficacy and safety of the Doxal studied drug in the treatment of chickens 25 daily age with colibacteriose-claspidiosis infection was established. The diagnosis was made on the basis of anamnestic data, a clinical picture of the disease, the results of pathoanatomical section and bacteriological examination. Microorganisms – pathogens of infection, their level of sensitivity to doxycycline were selected and identified. Therapeutic efficiency of the tested drug was not inferior to the drug-comparison of Doxatib®, production of KRKA DD Novo-Mesto (Slovenia), similar in dosage form and the content of the active substance. According to the results of laboratory tests, a positive effect of Doxal on the morpho-functional state of the body of chickens in the treatment of acute colibacteriosis-claspidiosis infection was revealed, which is confirmed by normalization with a high percentage of the reliability of morphological and biochemical blood indicators to the values of clinically healthy bird. Comparative clinical studies have confirmed that Doxal drug is effective chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of bacterial infections in chickens caused by microorganisms sensitive to doxycycline, and is analogous to Doxatib® by it’s action.
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