The paper reports morphological and typological characteristics of knives of the Petrovka Culture in the Southern Trans-Urals and Middle Tobol River region (the Early Alakul period, as defined by N.V. Vinogradov). According to the 14С dates (36 dates in total, half them are AMS dates), the chronological period of the Petrovka sites in the Southern Trans-Urals spans the 19th through 18th centuries BC. The inventory metal complexes of the Late Bronze Age cultures between the Don and Ishim Rivers, despite the large territory, have many common types of tools. This is particularly noticeable when comparing the largest category of the tools — the knives (49 specimens). Differentiation of the tools by type was based on the methodology of typological attribution of the inventory taking into account the presence or absence of particular qualitative characteristics and their combina-tion — analysis of the handle decoration, presence of a bolster, knife tang, shape of the transition from the blade to the tang, and shape and cross-section of the blade. Alongside the morphological and typological characteriza-tion of the knives, mapping the tools finds and was also carried out with the search for analogues in neighboring cultures. The most effective results have been obtained by mapping of tools with rhombic tangs, crosshair and interception, which are most numerous (147 specimens). We have identified three types of the knives with promi-nent massive handle, knives with forged sleeve and seven types of the tools with tangs. The identified types of the Petrovka Culture of the Southern Trans-Urals are more or less characteristic of the family of related cultures of the Eurasian forest-steppe and steppe belt — Abashevo, Sintashta, Petrovka, Early Srubnaya, and sites of the Potapovka and Pokrovka types. On the basis of the statistical data, there have been identified the types of the knives with a massive handle, as well as those with a forged sleeve, which are predominantly associated with the metalwork centers of the Petrovka Culture. We have unraveled the particular significance of the knives with rhombic tangs, crosshair and interception in the ritual practices of the entire circle of the cultures from the forest-steppe and steppe belt, apparently related to the special social status of the buried individuals. Prototypes of most forms of knives with tangs have been found in the stereotypes of the objects from the production centers of the Circumpontian Metallurgical Province. The common momentum for the genesis of the forest-steppe and steppe cultures, originating from the Middle Bronze Age cultures of the Eastern Europe and Ural, explains the common morphology of the knives for the family of the related cultures of the first phase of the Eurasian Metallurgical Pro-vince with a variety of forms and in contrast to the uniform shape of the knives of the Srubnaya and Alakul types of the second phase of the Eurasian Province.
Обобщены данные аналитического изучения цветного металла ямной культурно исторической области двух ареалов западного (Северное Причерноморье) и восточного (Южный Урал и Среднее Притоболье) методами спектрального, атомно эмиссионного, микрорентгеноспектрального, металлографического анализов. Приведенные материалы показали существование двух различных моделей металлопроизводства ямных племен, объясняющихся направленностью векторов историко металлургических контактов, наличием доступной рудной базы, сохранением традиционных технологий или же выработкой инновационных методов обработки мышьяковой бронзы. Черты определенного технологического сходства между уральской и причерноморской металлообработкой прослежены лишь на ранней стадии развития северопричерноморского центра металлопроизводства. Металлопроизводство ямных племен Северного Причерноморья в последующем демонстрирует иные технологические традиции получения орудий и украшений из низколегированной мышьяковой бронзы, поступающей из западных сырьевых источников. Уральские мастера использовали приемы литья крупных орудий из местной каргалинской окисленной меди в открытые и составные закрытые формы с высокотемпературными режимами термообработки. The paper summarizes data from the analytical studies of non ferrous metal in two areas of the Yamnaya (Pitgrave) culture, i. e. the western area (the North Pontic region) and the eastern area (the Southern Urals and the Middle Tobol basin). Methods of spectral, atomic emission, electron microprobe and metallographic analyses were employed. The materials described demonstrate existence of two different metal production models used by the Yamnaya population. The difference in the models is stipulated by different directions of historical and metallurgical contacts, availability of accessible ore deposits, maintenance of traditional technologies or development of innovation methods of arsenical bronze production. Certain technological similarities between the Urals and the North Pontic metalworking were identified only for the early development stage of the North Pontic center of metal production. In the subsequent period metal production of the Yamnaya population groups which lived in the North Pontic region demonstrates other technological traditions of producing tools and jewelry from low alloyed arsenical bronze that came from western raw material sources. The Urals craftsmen employed techniques of casting heavy tools from local Kargaly oxidized copper in open and composite closed moulds with high temperature modes of heat treatment.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.