Crystalline nanoneedles of Eu3+-doped GdPO4 and Eu3+-doped GdPO4 covered with GdPO4 shell (core shell) have been prepared at relatively low temperature of 150 °C in ethylene glycol medium. From luminescence study, asymmetric ratio of Eu3+ emission at 612 nm (electric dipole transition) to 592 nm (magnetic dipole transition) is found to be less than one. Maximum luminescence was observed from the nanoparticles with Eu3+ concentration of 5 at. %. For a fixed concentration of Eu3+ doping, there is an improvement in emission intensity for core-shell nanoparticles compared to that for core. This has been attributed to effective removal of surface inhomogeneities around Eu3+ ions present on the surface of core as well as the passivation of inevitable surface states, defects or capping ligand (ethylene glycol) of core nanoparticles by bonding to the shell. Lifetime for D50 level of Eu3+ was found to increase three times for core-shell nanoparticles compared to that for core confirming the more Eu3+ ions with symmetry environment in core shell. For 5 at. % Eu3+-doped GdPO4, quantum yield of 19% is obtained. These nanoparticles are redispersible in water, ethanol, or chloroform and thus will be useful in biological labeling. The dispersed particles are incorporated in polymer-based films that will be useful in display devices.

Nanoparticles of Tb3+ -doped GdPO 4 (Tb 3+ = 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, and 20 atom-%) have been prepared at a relatively low temperature of 160°C in ethylene glycol medium. The particles crystallize in a monoclinic structure with an average crystallite size of 30-50 nm. From the luminescence study of Tb 3+ -doped GdPO 4 , the magnetic dipole transition ( 5 D 4 Ǟ 7 F 5 ) at 545 nm (green) was found to be more prominent than the electric dipole transition ( 5 D 4 Ǟ 7 F 6 ) at 484 nm (blue). Maximum luminescence intensity and lifetime was observed for 7 atom-% Tb 3+. Above 7 atom-% Tb 3+ , a decrease in luminescence was observed. This has been attributed to a con-

Magnetic hyperthermia treatment using calcium phosphate nanoparticles is an evolutionary choice because of its excellent biocompatibility. In the present work, Fe3+ is incorporated into HAp nanoparticles by thermal treatment at various temperatures. Induction heating was examined within the threshold Hf value of 4.58 × 106 kA m–1 s–1 (H is the strength of alternating magnetic field and f is the operating frequency) and sample concentration of 10 mg/mL. The temperature-dependent structural modifications are well correlated with the morphological, surface charge, and magnetic properties. Surface charge changes from +10 mV to −11 mV upon sintering because of the diffusion of iron in the HAp lattice. The saturation magnetization has been achieved by sintering the nanoparticles at 400 and 600 °C, which has led to the specific absorption rate of 12.2 and 37.2 W/g, respectively. Achievement of the hyperthermia temperature (42 °C) within 4 min is significant when compared with the existing magnetic calcium phosphate nanoparticles. The systematic investigation reveals that the HAp nanoparticles partially stabilized with FeOOH and biocompatible α-Fe2O3 exhibit excellent induction heating. In vitro tests confirmed the samples are highly hemocompatible. The importance of the present work lies in HAp nanoparticles exhibiting induction heating without compromising the factors such as Hf value, low sample concentration, and reduced duration of applied field.

Crystalline LaVO4:Eu(3+) nanophosphors (NPs) codoped with metal ions (M(n+) = Li(+), Sr(2+), and Bi(3+)) are prepared in ethylene glycol (EG) medium at temperature ∼140 °C in 3 h. A mixture of monoclinic and tetragonal phases is observed. The ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic phases increases with increase of Li(+) and Sr(2+) concentration, but this is opposite in case of Bi(3+) concentration. Lattice expansion occurs in the case of Li(+) and Sr(2+) codoping. Li(+) ions occupy the interstitial sites instead of La(3+) sites. Lattice contraction occurs in case of Bi(3+) codoping indicating substitution of La(3+) sites. Luminescence intensity is improved by codoping of M(n+) irrespective of crystal structure. Charges of Li(+) and Sr(2+) are different from that of La(3+) (host lattice), whereas the charge of Bi(3+) is same as that of La(3+). One interesting observation is in magnetic dipole transition that the intensity of the peak at 594 nm is more than that at 587 nm in the case of charge imbalance, whereas the reverse occurs in the case of charge balance. LaVO4:Eu(3+) nanophosphors prepared in water medium have more luminescence intensity when compared to those prepared in ethylene glycol, and this is related to variation of ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic phases. The luminescence intensity is also enhanced as annealing temperature increases from 600 to 800 °C due to the improved crystallinity. Lifetime data are analyzed on the basis of exponential and nonexponential decay equations. Samples are dispersible in polar medium due to capping of particles by EG. Polymer films are prepared by dispersion of NPs in poly(vinyl alcohol), and extra borax is added in order to make cross-link between polymer molecules. Samples of NPs in the forms of powder, dispersion in liquid medium, and film show the red emission.

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