The morphology of {1 1 1} faces grown from water-formamide solutions as well as from pure water solutions was investigated. Surface patterns were examined ex situ and in situ using bright field and differential interference contrast optical microscopy and ex situ atomic force microscopy. It was shown that formamide and urea stabilize the {1 1 1} NaCl faces, whereas larger homologous molecules do not. For the {1 1 1} NaCl crystals growing from water-formamide solutions, it was observed that growth proceeds by monomolecular, stabilized layers of height d f1 1 1g , with most probably Na þ ions on top of Cl À ions. Steps originate from spiral-dislocation growth as well as from 2D nucleation starting from the edges of the crystal. Atomic resolution imaging of NaCl {1 1 1} showed no surface reconstruction. The {1 1 1} surfaces grown from pure water solutions showed developing of shallow growth hillocks with rounded tops. It is presumed that these hillocks are related to dislocation outcrops and growth proceeds close to the roughening temperature. Growth pits develop after a longer period of {1 1 1} surface growth in water solution. Their formation is explained by the presence of a semipermeable particle at the pit bottom, which locally retards the fast {1 1 1} growth.

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We have determined the ordering properties of water adsorbed at room temperature on the rock salt (100) surface under four different conditions: ultrahigh vacuum, dry nitrogen atmosphere, 45% and 75% relative humidity. Details of the atomic structure are determined for both sides of the solid-liquid interface. The top most layer of NaCl shows a small relaxation that changes from an expansion to a contraction with increasing humidity. Under all measured conditions water monolayers with different ordering properties are present at the interface. Surprisingly, we find that the amount of ordering in the first layer is increasing with increasing thickness of the water film. At a solid-liquid interface, the ordering appears to be correlated with the solubility.

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We present a surface x-ray diffraction determination of the ͕111͖ NaCl-liquid interface structure. Using ultrathin water or formamide liquid layers we ascertained that the crystal surface is smooth at an atomic level and is not reconstructed. Our results reveal surprisingly small differences in surface structure between the two cases, which nevertheless lead to dramatic differences in crystal morphology. We determined that the rocksalt ͕111͖ surface is Na + terminated for both environmental conditions. A quarter to half a monolayer of laterally disordered Cl − ions is located on top of a fully ordered Na + crystal surface with occupancy 0.75-1.0. This means that the polar surface is stabilized through the formation of an electrochemical double layer.

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Using surface x-ray diffraction, we have determined the structure of liquid Bi monolayers on Cu(111) for a range of coverages. By combining diffuse scattering data from the liquid with information from the substrate scattering, the ordering properties of Bi have been fully determined. Even though the substrate is hexagonal, we find that the liquid does not show hexatic order but has an orthorhombic orientational order that occurs in three domains. Simultaneously, Bi has partial solidlike properties, even well above its melting point.

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