Heavy metals eradication from water is a complicated subject, therefore a viable, resilient, and green technology is imperative. Heavy metal removal can be accomplished through easy access, economical, and efficient sorbents derived from agricultural waste. In the current study, palm kernel shell (PKS) waste was converted into biochar (PKSC) via pyrolysis. Chemical modification was performed on PKSC via acid-base treatment to refine its adsorption properties. Batch experiments were conducted to study the efficiency of PKSC and acid-base treated PKSC (MPKSC) for removal of Cr(IV), Ni(II) and Cu(II). The surface area was increased from 112.934 m 2/g to 149.670 m 2/g by acid-based treatment. Batch adsorption study showed that the MPKSC afforded high removal efficiency for Cu (99.29%), Ni (96.77%) and Cr (42.97%). The Cr(IV) and Ni(II) adsorption by PKSC, as well as Cr(IV), Ni(II) and Cu(II) adsorption by MPKSC were best represented by Freundlich isotherm. However, Cu(II) adsorption by PKSC can explained by using Langmuir isotherm. All studied heavy metals fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic.
This present study focuses on the synthesis of a new modified eco-friendly adsorbent, spent tea (ST, discarded Camellia sinensis leaves), and its application in the adsorption of Aspirin from aqueous solution by batch adsorption technique. This is an effort in shifting towards new substitutes that are both inexpensive and highly efficient, such as agricultural waste materials as an alternative of the commonly used adsorbent material, activated carbon. The ST will first undergo an acid treatment using phosphoric acid, and subsequently modified with Polyethyleneimine (PEI) using Glutaraldehyde (GA) as the cross-linker. Aspirin removal efficiency was compared between the untreated spent tea (ST) and new PEI modified acid treated spent tea (TA-PEI). Effects of ratio of acid treated spent tea (TA) and PEI (1:1, 1:2,1:3, 2:1,3:1), and GA concentration (0,0.5,1.0,2.0,3.0, and 4.0 v/v%) were investigated. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of the modified adsorbent, TA-PEI are TA: PEI ratio of 1:2, and 0.5(v/v %) of GA. Afterwards, the untreated ST and TA-PEI were tested to determine the effect of contact time on Aspirin adsorption. It was found that TA-PEI shows great removal effectiveness - up to 64.70% before reaching equilibrium after 30min of contact time. Nevertheless, ST only shows removal of 1% and after 15min, there is no appreciable adsorption. These results suggested that TA-PEI has high potential to be used as an effective adsorbent for Aspirin removal. In the future, TA-PEI will undergo further research to investigate the effects of different adsorbent dosage, solution pH, initial concentration, solution temperature, and contact time. Several analysis (FTIR, SEM, CHNS, BET and point of zero charge) has to be done as well to get a better understanding of its properties and the adsorption mechanisms
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