The cost effectiveness in solar system is very essential to boost its use in domestic applications. A Techno-economical system is designed using microcontroller based turbine flow meter to measure flow of water in solar water heater. There is no need of bulky remote electronics system. Here a turbine is inserted in the pipeline which rotates around its axis the speed of this rotation is directly proportional to the rate of flown.To measure the flow electronically through noncontact method one arm of the turbine can be made of a magnet and a Hall Effect device attached on the outer side of the pipe. The Hall Effect switch would pick up the passage of the magnetic arm and generates a pulse. By counting the number of pulses per second or minute depending on the speed of the turbine and the desired resolution (i.e. multiplication factor) the flow can be calculated.
as well as low volume and low mass. In the case of the transceiver, lower insertion loss in the switches between the antenna and the first low-noise amplifier (LNA) leads to lower noise figures and higher sensitivity of the receiver. This effect is magnified when more than one antenna is used, which requires additional switches in the antenna-LNA path. Half duplex systems utilize RF switches to switch between transmit and receive modes. Redundant systems use RF switches to change between redundant segments. Multiple antenna systems, such as diversity receivers or ping-pong mode radar systems, use RF switches for antenna switching.Virtually all spacecraft with communications or radiometric systems employ such configurations and their performance currently suffers from high insertion loss/low isolation in solid-state RF switches. RF MEMS used in Satellite Communication Systems (12-35 GHz): Switching networks with 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 configurations and reconfigurable-Butler matrices for antenna applications (0.1 million cycles), switched filter banks (0.1-100 million cycles, depending on the application). Also, phase shifters for multi-beam satellite communication systems (1-20 billion cycles).The primary cause of failure in contact MEMS switches is degradation of the contact area metal due to repeated impact between the base and the suspended beam. Pitting, wear, metal migration, and contamination can all contribute to a significant increase in contact resistance and insertion loss. The failure rate is amplified when operating at RF powers over 100 mW because micro welding can bond the pads together, resulting in a permanent short failureTwo key advantages arise when considering MEMS devices in space applications. The first advantage is realized by lowering launch cost. Currently, launching a spacecraft into low Earth orbit (LEO) costs about $10,000 per Abstract This paper deals with the RF (Radio Frequency)-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) switches are integrated in CPW topology. Phase shifter is integrated on high resistivity silicon substrate and loading elements are 360 switch design using the coventorware software and its superiority over the existing technologies like PIN Diodes and Field-Effect-Transistors regarding size, power, Isolation The measured down state insertion loss of −0.1 dB up to 40 GHz and switch resistance is 1 Ω. The measured reflection coefficient is dominated bt t-line switch is −20 dB at 30 GHz. This switch used in X-band and K-band phase shifter, switched capacitor bank and tunable filter. The 1-kg class satellite plans to use the MEMS TxRx switch as a functional component on its RF communication board. Application of switch based Phase shifters for satellite based radars (20 billion cycles), missile systems (0.1-1 billion cycles), long-range radars (20-200 billion cycles). By cutting the mass of components onboard the space vehicle, the launch costs and hopefully the overall budget for production can be reduced.
This paper deals with the RF (Radio Frequency)-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) switch design using the coventorware software and its superiority over the existing technologies like PIN Diodes and Field-Effect-Transistors regarding size, power, Isolation and Insertion loss, and graphically how Pull-in voltage affects on the deflection of the switch. Also this paper deals with the fabrication process of the cantilever switch.
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