Automobile industry is one of the most important segment for a country’s growth. India facing its own challenges due to its huge and varied transport sector. These challenges may overwhelmed by using energy efficient advancements with the customer focused approach. The driver always driving the automobile with sophisticated technologies and should feel very comfortable. Automobile moving higher than the cruising speeds stability of the vehicle is the key factor. In four-wheel navigation system the tail wheels turning opposite to the forwardfacing wheels while vehicle moves at high speeds instability chances are more. To avoid this instability rear wheels follows the same track of the forward-facing wheels while tuning of the all-wheel steering system. This paper focusing light on to the difficulty faced when all wheel steering system taking a turn in a very confined space. By switching from two wheel steering to four wheel steering owing to this the driver on the way to make turns in small radius. It also laidback for parallel parking and maneuvering the vehicle quite with no trouble on highways. In command to succeed this, a mechanism established with the two bevel gears and intermediary shaft, which transfer 100% rotating force as well turns tail wheels in out of period. The spiraling radius of the automobile with two steering wheel system is 4400 mm after switching to four-wheel steering system radius is 2596mm only. Hence, radius reduced to 1804 mm.
Microstrip antennas that can operate in single and multiple frequency bands are required in various wireless communication devices. A single patch, square shaped microstrip patch antenna having high directivity and gain is proposed in this paper. The geometry of proposed antenna is optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA) to operate in X-Band for wideband applications. The proposed antenna design exhibits a wide operating bandwidth 550 MHz (simulated) and 450 MHz (measured), high gain and directivity of about 8.35 dB (simulated) making it suitable for wideband applications. The proposed antenna design works in X-band which has weatherproof characteristics and supports easy communication of voice, data, images and HD videos. The attractiveness of the GA design over the traditional design methods is its ability to achieve the desired performance by using a simple design of single patch antenna.
This paper analyzes the emissions of a single‐cylinder diesel engine fueled with biodiesel, using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) techniques. The aim of this paper is to compare both EGR and SCR techniques, which were studied under different brake powers. Grape seed biodiesel was used as a test fuel. Experiments were performed by both techniques at different loads and rates to find out the performance change in the engine and the change in the emission rates using both the techniques. Then the observations from both the techniques were compared, concluding that both the techniques show a sufficient reduction in NOx. Using the abovementioned techniques, a reduction in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke was observed. The EGR technique is more suitable for low‐load engine vehicles, as it affects the efficiency of the engine with an increase in the fuel consumption, whereas the SCR technique is suitable for high‐load engines, which do not affect the efficiency of the engine with a decrease in the fuel consumption.
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