The literature review focuses on actual problems of the particularly dangerous mycoses – coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis. The review presents modern data on the global spread of these fungal infections. Planetary climate changes widen the endemic areas of particularly dangerous mycoses by increase of the inhalational exposure of soil after dust storms, earthquakes and floodings. The prevaling view on the life cycle of agents of coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis, C.posadasii) is that these fungi dwell in soil (are saprobes) and so for them human and small-mammal fauna are only accidental hosts. The new alternative hypothesis implies that tissue form (spherule) of Coccidioides spp. lives in host granulomas of small mammals and transforms into spore producing hyphae when the animal host dies. It is demonstrated that Histoplasma capsulatum contains at least four different cryptic species, that differ genetically and express different virulence. Recently, discoveries of novel dimorphic systemic fungal pathogens have challenged the current taxonomy of family Ajellomycetacae. The new genus Emergomyces including five species is described. Another dimorphic pathogen is discovered and named Blastomyces percursus. These fungi cause disseminated mycoses globally, primarily in HIVinfected patients.
The purpose of this research is identifying areas of distribution of clinically important fungi in Vietnam. As a result of a mycological analysis of 150 soil samples from the provinces of northern and southern Vietnam, 75 morphological types of colonies were isolated. The identified species were assigned to three divisions - Zygomycota, Mucormycota и Ascomycota, with a quantitative predominance of the latter. The taxonomic structure of the Zygomycota division is represented by one genera – Absidia and Mucormycota represented by one genera – Mucor. In the Ascomycota division, the orders Eurotiales (3 genera) and Hypocreales (2 genera) are prevalent. The orders Pleosporales, Chaetothyriales, Microascales, Onygenales are represented by single genera. The largest number of species belongs to the genera of Aspergillus (34%) and Penicillium (19%).
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