A fundamental genetic improvement of domestic dairy breeds is carried out by using the gene pool of the best foreign breeds, in particular Holstein. This approach has greatly improved the milk productivity of cows, but has led to a significant deterioration in reproduction, longevity, product quality, general animal health etc. Taking into account that the increase of the milk productivity of cows leads to a shortening of their use, this problem will only become aggravated over time. Therefore, it is now necessary to direct scientific research into a comprehensive assessment of animals taking into account the signs of lifelong productivity. In view of the above, the purpose of our research was to study the economic utility signs of dairy cows and their relationship with productive longevity. The research was conducted on cows of Holstein (n = 2902), Ukrainian Black- (n = 14876) and Red-and-White (n = 2176) dairy breeds. To characterize the economic useful signs of animals of the studied breeds based on the materials of the primary zootechnical and breeding records, weighed growth of animals, reproductive capacity, milk productivity and duration and efficiency of lifetime use were studied. It was established that heifers of investigated dairy breeds were characterized by a moderate intensity of growth of live weight, as evidenced by average daily increments from birth to 18 months of age: in animals of Holstein breed – 644, Ukrainian Black-and-White milk breed – 641 and Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed 692 g. The first fruitful insemination of heifers of the Holstein breed occurred on average at the age of 19.1, Ukrainian Black and Red-and-White dairy breeds - 20.4 and 20.8 months, while their live weight at that was 405.3; 414.3 and 438.5 kg respectively. The milk yield of the Holstein breed cows, depending on the lactation, was 4846–7920 kg, the fat content in milk was 3.63–3.74% and the amount of milk fat was 181.2–279.7 kg, the Ukrainian Black-and-White milk breed was 4008–6317 kg, 3.63–3.70% and 148.6–228.8 kg respectively, while Ukrainian Red-and-White milk is 4578–6592 kg, 3.74–3.87% and 177.2–245.9 kg. The cows of the given breeds were used in herds only 2.32–2.50 lactation. The highest life milk yield was noted in animals of the Holstein breed (18,669 kg), and the lowest (14,940 kg) in the cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White breed. Correlation analysis of economic characteristics of dairy cows with indicators of their productive longevity confirms the possibility of conducting an indirect predictive selection of animals in order to form high-yielding herds with long-term economic use. Among the studied features, the greatest predictive value (P < 0.001) for the indicators of life expectancy, productive use, lactation, the number of lactation per life, life yield and lifetime of milk fat have yield of cows for the first (r = -0.217 – +0.205) and the best lactation (r = +0.061 – +0.609). An intermediary predictive selection of animals can also be carried out according to the duration of their first service period (r = -0.462 – +0.106) and live weight during growing season (r = -0.286 – +0.126). It was established that live weight at the first insemination and the first calving significantly influenced the indicators of life yields, economic use and lactation of animals, as evidenced mainly by higher and reliable values of correlation coefficients between these indices. It should also be noted that the correlation coefficients between the live weight of cows in the first calving and the duration of life, productive use, lactation and the number of lactations in life were somewhat higher but negative values (r = -0,130 – -0,070), compared with the between live weight at the time of first insemination and the above indicators of longevity of animals (r = -0,037 – +0,094). This suggests that the effect of live weight on the first calving of animals on their longevity was somewhat higher than the effect of live weight at the first insemination. Our data show that the selection of cows by the age of the first calving and the duration of the first lactation is not significant, since there is practically no link between these features and the indicators of productive longevity.
Simmental breed cows shows their bigness. Long-leg index at the level of 48.7% is characteristic of combined performance livestock. According to the index of stretching (118.2%), index of blockiness (124.9%), boniness (14.6%), massiveness (147.7%) and massiveness by Durst (500.5%) we can assume a significant variety of animals. Indicators of thoracic (66.6%), hip thoracic indeces (89.4%) and the index of deep chest (51.3%) and wide chest (34.1%) indicate a good chest development in the experimental cows and their belonging to the combined type by performance. It was established that the exterior of cows is formed under the influence of their belonging to production type. Animals of dairy type were taller and had longer trunk length and, as a result, higher longevity indices, stretch marks and index of point that are characteristic of dairy cattle. At the same time, cows of meat and dairy type were characterized by deeper and wider chest, bigger heart girth behind shoulder, wider hips and thick skeleton. These animals were more massive, what were confirmed by the indices. Dairy and meat animals were at intermediate place by exterior indicators between the two above-mentioned production types. Strength of influence of production type of animals on body measurements, depending on the size, was 3.1-19.9%, and on the indices of the structure of the body-5.8-23.1%.
In today 's conditions of intensive cattle breeding, the improvement of the reproductive qualities of cows has significant practical and scientific interest since reproductive function impairment of cattle, shortens the period of its economic use, lowers the level of dairy productivity and therefore the profitability of the livestock industry as a whole. In this respect the reproductive metrics studying of cows of different production types of Simmental breed is important. Researches were held at agricultural limited liability company “Litinske” in the Drohobych district of Lviv oblast. It is established that the average age of the first insemination of Simmental breed animals was 549 days or 18.1 months, age of first calving – 827.3 days or 27.2 months, and the live weight in the specified physiological periods – 453.7 and respectively 529.1 kg. The duration of pregnant heifers was 278.4 days, and the duration of the service period of cows, depending on lactation, was within 89.7–94.4, the interval period – within 371.8–375.1 and the dry period – within 73.1–73.5 days. Indicators of reproductive capacity of animals depend on their production type. In particular, the first insemination and the first calving of animals of dairy production type occurred later than of animals of meat and dairy and meat types. However, heifers of dairy production type were smaller live weight during these periods compared to animals of other production types. It is found that the shortest duration of pregnancy and the longest duration of service and inter service periods were characterized by cows of dairy production type. The strength of impact of production type of animals on age of the first insemination accounted for 11.5% of the total phenotypic variability on the age of the first calving – 9,9%, on the duration of the service period – 7.8–11.0%, inter-calving – 4.8–10.4%, and on the duration of the body and the dry period was insignificant and unbelievable.
1 Інститут розведення і генетики тварин імені М.В.Зубця НААН (Чубинське, Україна) 2 Інститут біології тварин НААН (Львів, Україна) logir@ukr.net Вивчено молочну продуктивність корів різних генотипів української чорно-рябої молочної породи та з'ясовано у них зв'язок між кількісними і якісними показниками молока. Встановлено, що з наростанням у генотипі тварин спадковості голштинської породи у них підвищуються надої, однак значно знижується вміст жиру в молоці, що підтверджує антагоністичний характер цих ознак. У корів усіх досліджуваних генотипів найвищі високодостовірні (Р < 0,001) додатні значення коефіцієнтів кореляції спостерігалися між надоєм та кількістю молочного жиру (r = 0,912-0,987). Між вмістом жиру в молоці та кількістю молочного жиру виявлено прямий додатній різної сили зв'язок (r = 0,039-0,533, Р < 0,05-0,001), а між надоєм та вмістом жиру в молоці коефіцієнти кореляції коливалися від -0,120 до +0,284 з вірогідними значеннями лише в поодиноких випадках.Коефіцієнти вікової повторюваності надою, вмісту жиру в молоці та кількості молочного жиру найвищими були у корів з умовною часткою спадковості за голштинською породою до 75%, що свідчить про вищий ступінь успадкування цих ознак у них порівняно із висококровними тваринами. З підвищенням спадковості голштинів у генотипі підконтрольних тварин коефіцієнти повторюваності вищенаведених ознак молочної продуктивності здебільшого знижувалися. Найбільш суттєво і достовірно (Р < 0,001) генотип тварин впливав на надій (13,3-18,1% від загальної мінливості цієї ознаки), дещо менше -на вміст жиру в молоці (9,3-13,2% (Р < 0,001) та на кількість молочного жиру (6,6-14,1% (Р < 0,001), причому найвищою сила впливу генотипу на досліджувані ознаки була за першу лактацію. Ключові слова: українська чорно-ряба молочна порода, генотип, корови, молочна продуктивність, коефіцієнти кореляції, вікова повторюваність, сила впливу The milk productivity of cows of different genotypes of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds has been studied and the relationship between quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk. It is established that with the increase in the genotype of animals the heredity of the Holstein breed in them milk yields are increased, but the fat content of the milk is substantially reduced that confirms antagonistic nature of these features. The cows of all studied genotypes had the highest highly reliable (P < 0.001) positive values of correlation coefficients between milk yield and amount of milk fat (r = 0.912-0.987). Between the fat content of milk and the amount of milk fat was revealed a direct positive different bond strength (r = 0.039-0.533, P < 0.05-0.001), and between milk and fat content in milk correlation coefficients ranged from -0.120 to +0.284 with probable values only in single
The main tasks for which canine units of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine use search dogs are: inspection of various areas and search operations to identify persons who have committed or intend to commit offenses, their odors and things, detection of persons moving or hiding in the condition of limited visibility in the area; prosecution of offenders, their detention, protection and escort; inspection of trucks and localization of persons hiding in these vehicles; odorological identification of odorous traces of detainees and their belongings; strengthening the personal security of law enforcement officers during their service; psychological impact on offenders. The fundamentals for the active use of dogs in official activities are the physiological features of the olfactory analyser and the physical capabilities of the dog's body. The most common breeds used to perform the outlined tasks are: German shepherd, Bloodhound, Belgian shepherd (Malinois) and others. The article reflects the comparative characteristics of the working qualities of search dogs of German and Belgian (Malinois) shepherd dogs of different sexes and ages. The study was conducted on service dogs in the Canine Training Center of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine located in Velyki Mosty, Sokal district, Lviv region. The working qualities of search dogs were assessed by the skills of obedience, protection, pursuit of a person on his odor trail, secure of the area and detection of a person hiding and moving, selection of odorous objects (things), search and detection of objects (things). It is fixed that the working qualities of search dogs are influenced by breed and sex. Among the males of the German and Belgian (Malinois) Shepherd breeds, the service dogs of the German Shepherd breed were noted for the best working qualities, and among the female – the Belgian Shepherd (Malinois) breeds. A generalized assessment of all four sections of the studied breeds showed that the best performance was in males of the German Shepherd breed (325.4 points) and females of the Belgian Shepherd breed (Malinois) (325.9 points), and among individuals of different sexes – males compared to females of the German Shepherd breed and females compared to males of the Belgian Shepherd (Malinois) breed. Two-year-old males and one-year-old females of the German shepherd breed and two-year-old females of the Belgian Shepherd breed (Malinois) were noted for the best working qualities in terms of skills to be evaluated. As for males of the last breed, their testing qualities almost did not depend on age. The strength of the influence of the breed of service dogs on their working qualities in the skills to be assessed ranged from 0.6 to 6.8 %, sex – from 0.1 to 7.3 % and age - from 0.1 to 11.4 %. The general assessment of service dogs in all sections was generally influenced by their age (1.6 %).
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