There are indicators data of body weight, body parts measurements, reproductive ability, milk production, morphological and functional properties of udder, the duration of use and economic reasons of disposal of Simmental cows in terms of Lviv oblast. It was established that the experimental cows by live weight during their growth in all ages have been prevailing minimum requirements of breed standard. They are marked by peculiar to combined breed type of body structure with well–defined not only milk but also meat forms, they had strong skeleton and were quite tall (withers height – 131.1 cm). However, the width of the breast in most cows, that is not enough for combined breed (on an average 41.4 cm). Simmentals age at the moment of the 1st insemination was 19.7, while during the 1st calving – 29.0 months, the duration of the service–period, depending on lactation, was within 96.8 – 112.0, of inter–calving period – within 381.6 – 396.9 day. They were characterized by an average fertility and high adaptablity. Simmentals milk yield, depending on lactation, was 3026,4–3810,2 kg, fat content in milk – 3.76 – 3.81% and quantity of milk fat 113.6 – 145.0 kg. Cows after the 4th calving had the highest milk productivity. During the all studied lactations cows milk yield and quantity of milk fat predominated breed standard. They had a well developed udder. 68.2% cows after the first calving had cupped udder, 25.9% – wash–tub and 6.9% – round udder. Their intensity of milk yield was 1.53 kg/min. Simmental cows duration of economic use in the conditions of Lviv oblast was 1.904.1 day or 5.3 lactations, lifetime yield – 18011, lifetime quantity of milk fat – 688 kg. Most reasons for dropped out of the herd was dysfunction of reproduction (35.7%) and low productivity (21.3%).
There are shown data on the impact of live weight of Holstein cows on the duration and effectiveness of their lifetime use during the period of breeding. It was established that the animals which are not reached to the body breed standard of their weight at some period of age had lower rates and duration of lifetime use and productivity. Animals with live weight at 6 months – 181–220, 12 months – 311–340, 18 months – 411–440, at the first insemination – 411–440 and at first calving – 511–540 kg had the longest life duration, productive use, quantity of lactations during all life and highest lifetime productivity. The highest positive correlation coefficients were established between body weight of cows at different periods of their growth (exception – live weight at first calving) and lifetime milk yield (r = 0.072–0.106), the average lifetime fat milk (r = 0.062–0.126), lifetime quantity of milk fat (r = 0.077–0.112), milk yield per day of life (r = 0.077–0.165) and productive use (r = 0.077–0.112). These links were much weaker between live weight and life duration in the studied ages of animals (r = -0.009 – +0.062), productive use (r=-0.125 – +0.094), lactation (r = -0.093 – +0.038) and the number of lactations during life (r = -0.134 – +0.029). The lowest correlation coefficients were between body weight at first calving of cows and the studied parameters of duration and effectiveness of their lifelong use. The impact of the live weight of animals during growing period on the duration of their economic use was the highest (23.34–31,30%), the number of lactations for life (13.79–28.08%), lifetime milk yield (11.89–15.68%) and lifetime amount of milk fat (11.42–15.16%).
Recently, in the breeding and commodity farms of our country can be observed a rapid decrease in the duration of productive use dairy cattle. A considerable amount of scientific researches are conducted on the effects of hereditary and environmental factors on productive indicators longevity, researches are done on various ways to increase durability productive use of dairy cattle. In this aspect, reproductive ability of cows is important, which must be taken into account while individual estimation for the next selection of the most valuable animals that combine high milk productivity with high fertility. Therefore, the goal of our research was to study the productive longevity of dairy cows depending on the duration of their first service period and find the optimal duration of this indicator for a particular breed. The research was carried out on cows of Holstein, Ukrainian Black-and-White and Red-and-White breeds. Retrospective analysis of duration and the effectiveness of life-time use of cows was carried out according to the method Yu P. Polupan (2010). It was found that average duration of the first service-period of cows was 167.7 days on the studied Holstein populations, 180.3 – on the Ukrainian Black-and-White and Ukrainian Red-and-White – 142.1 days. The longest duration of life, productive use, lactations and the highest milk yields had cows with the duration of the first service period of 121–150 days among the Holstein breed, 151–180 – Ukrainian Black-and-White and 91–120 days and Ukrainian Red-and-White. The worst, by the indicators of productive longevity, were individuals with 60 days and no more of the first service period. Correlation analysis showed the different level of the connection between the duration of the service period animals and indicators of their lifelong use, which in most cases had a reverse nature. This kind of connection indicates that with the extension of the duration of service period of cows, the duration of their productive use and lifetime productivity decreases. In Holstein breed animals, the correlation coefficients between the above named indicators ranged from -0.462 to 0.370, Ukrainian Black-and-White – from -0.113 to 0.144 and Ukrainian Red-and-White – from 0.279 to 0.149. Strength of influence of the duration of the first service-period on life duration, productive use and lactation of cows, depending on the breed, was 12.5–36.5%, for lifetime productivity – 9.7–34.6 and on the one day of life, productive use and lactation – 11.3–35.9%.
The data on the dynamics of body weight changes, absolute and average daily gains, frequency rate of increase in body weight, relative growth rate and intensity of body weight growth of Limousine and Volyn Meat breeds heifers. Both studied breeds characterized by different body weight at different age periods. Newborn Limousine breed heifers are weighed 2,7 kg more (P < 0.05) than Volyn Meat breed heifers; at 3 months age the difference was 8.5 kg (P < 0.05) at 6 months – 14.6 kg, at 9 month – 20.8 kg (P < 0.05), at 12 months – 25,6 kg (P < 0.05), at 15–months – 31.9 (P<0,05), and at 18 months – 23.5 kg. Total and average daily gains in animals of both breeds were the highest for a period of 3 to 6 months of age. In the period from birth to 15 months of age preference for average daily gains were in Limousine, however, the difference was statistically significant only for the period of 0 – 3 months and amounted to 63,9 g (P < 0,05). From 15 to 18 months of age Limousine slightly conceded to Volyn Meat breeds on this parameter. In animals of both breeds magnification of body weight increased with age, but over the entire period (from birth to 18 months) this parameter in Volyn Meat heifers was 0.6 times better than Limousine heifers. The coefficients of relative intensity and tension increase of body weight in animals of both breeds were highest in the period from birth to 3 months of age. With age, these indicators declined. Mainly, the advantage was in Volyn meat breed heifers, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Productive longevity is a very important feature, which is determined by a combination of genotype factors in specific environments. It is known that in recent decades to improve of productive qualities of domestic dairy cattle, the Holstein breeders of different breeds are used. Such measures, although allowed to increase the milk productivity of cows significantly, however, led to reduction in the duration of their productive use. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to study the duration and effectiveness of lifetime use of dairy cows, depending on the country of origin of their father. The research was conducted on animals of Holstein (n = 2902), Ukrainian Black-and-White (n = 14876) and Ukrainian Red-and-White (n = 2176) breeding in various regions of Ukraine. It was established that the controllable number of Holstein cows came from 116 bulls from five different countries. Cows originated from the bulls of Hungarian selection had the longest life and lactation. Cows that came from Canadian bulls had the best life-long yields and life-long number of milk fat. Cows from French bulls were characterized by the worst indicators of productive longevity. Among the descendants of the German bulls, the daughters of the following bulls: Lord 661287, Trend 2761400782690, Bg. Rodeo 27642626161 and Ingo 27677179331, American selection – daughters of B. Astronomer 2160438 and Bob Hubby 2109267, Canadian – daughters of Rock 373840409 and H. R. Artist 6284191, Hungarian – daughters of V.Vilmos 3101733688 and E.Samba 3035115974 and French – daughters of Brico 5794006324 had the best indicators of the duration and efficiency of lifelong use. The studied population of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed came from 167 bulls from eight countries. The largest number of daughters was obtained from domestic bulls (34.6%) and German (29.5%) selection. However, cows of Russian selection had the highest rates of longevity, productive use, lactation, the number of lactations per life, life expectancy and lifetime of milk fat. Daughter Valentina 373840175, Matadora 373840109, Piclenda 373880102 and Tigris 373880127 were lactured more than 4 lactations and had lifelong yield of over 25,000 kg, among the descendants of Russian bulls. Of the descendants of the domestic selection the daughters of the Abrykos 5806 lactated in an average of 6.2 lactation, and their lifetime yields were 38,401 kg. By the number of lactations per life and life-long yields of the daughters of the German bulls, the leader was Presbyter 27621490100, the American – Bob Hubby 2109267 and T. D. Fiasco 1709950, the Canadian – B. Goldgate 6387868 and B. Regensy 394223, the Netherlands – G. Tristan 3021652032 and Baneliai 243931215, Hungarian – E. Samba 3035115974 and P. Selvichar 3023006464. The controlled population of cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed came from 69 bulls from five countries. More than 50% of cows of this breed are derived from bulls of German selection. However, the longest duration of productive use and the greatest lifelong yields had daughters of bulls from Canada and Ukrainian selection. Among the descendants of the domestic bulls, according to the indicators of lifetime productivity, the daughters of Khlor 2052 differ markedly. They lacted in average 7.7 lactations, and lifetime longevity was 41,000 kg. Among the descendants of Canadian bulls, the best of their productive use and their lifelong yields had daughters of V. Texel 393522, V.N.Dan 5510544 and Inhibitor 402151, German – Roman 660886883 and Tumpi 112367468, and American – Addikshn 17143107. The influence of the father's country origin on the longevity, productive use, lactation and the number of lactations per life, depending on the breed and the indicator, was within the range of 1.4–17.1, on the indicators of lifetime productivity – within 1.5–9.7%, and the influence of the father on these indicators was, respectively, 9.9–19.9 and 11.4–29.3%.
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