Background. In order to deepen understanding of signal detection/discrimination processes we have to focus on highlighting individual differences in observers' sensory performance due to the contribution of various variables of personality and cognition spheres. The purpose of our study was to test cognitive style factors (augmenting-reducing, levelling-sharpening, flexibility-rigidity of cognitive control, equivalence range, and focusing-scanning) influencing performance of psychophysical tasks.Methods. Ninety participants performed a set of cognitive style tests as well as two psychophysical tasks on visual signal detection ('yes-no') and loudness discrimination ('same-different'). The duration of visual pattern presentation and difference between pairs of auditory stimuli were used to provide task's difficulty level, and therefore the level of uncertainty. Results. Data analysis showed several effects of cognitive styles on psychophysical tasks performance indices, in particular: sensory sensitivity, RT and its stability, and response confidence. According to our results, each style is related to its own benefits and advantages in observer's overall productivity. Furthermore, the contribution of cognitive styles differed depending on task's type and difficulty level. Conclusions. Our results support current findings, considering cognitive styles as playing a regulative role in cognitive activity. Hence, they could be acknowledged as tools, mediating individual strategies, representing different ways of coping with perceptual uncertainty.
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The purpose of the study was to test individual differences in sensory sensitivity while performing signal detection and signal discrimination tasks. A total of 98 subjects performed two cognitive style tests on flexibility and rigidity of cognitive control, and focusing and scanning control, as well as two psychophysical tasks on visual signal detection (“yes/no” method) and loudness discrimination (“same/different”), each including two difficulty levels. Task type and difficulty level were considered as stimulation factors, and cognitive styles were considered as individual differences factors. The effects of both cognitive styles along with the effect of their interaction were revealed. ‘Flexible’ subjects and ‘scanners’ showed higher sensitivity in signal detection compared to ‘rigid’ subjects and ‘focusers’, respectively. Whereas no between-group differences were found in the accuracy of signal discrimination. Thus, we revealed individual differences in sensitivity, driven by cognitive style characteristics on the one hand, and task type on the other.
[ Когнитивная психология ]Оригинальная статья / Original Article УДК 159.9.07, 159.93 doi: 10.11621/npj.2018.0110 Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью изучения роли различных высокоуровневых психологических механизмов регуляции сенсорно-перцептивных процессов, протекающих в условиях перцептивной неопределенности. Цель. Целью настоящего исследования было изучение роли когнитивных стилей как важных индивидуально-психологических детерминант решения околопороговой и пороговой сенсорных задач по различению громкости тональных сигналов. Описание хода исследования. В исследовании приняли участие 90 человек. В качестве стимульного фактора рассматривался уровень сложности выполняемой задачи, заданный величиной межстимульной разницы (2 или 1 дБ в околопороговой и пороговой задачах, соответственно), а в качестве индивидуально-психологических факторов -пять когнитивных стилей (усиление-ослабление, сглаживание-заострение, гибкость-ригидность познавательного контроля, диапазон эквивалентности, фокусирующий-сканирующий контроль). Результаты исследования. Мы обнаружили значимые и квази-значимые (0,05
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