OBJECTIVES:The objectives of the present study were to study the pattern of tobacco use among rural adolescents (15-19 years) and to fi nd out reasons for use and non use of tobacco products. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present community-based research, triangulation of qualitative (free list, focus group discussions) and quantitative methods (survey) was undertaken. The study was carried out in surrounding 11 villages of the Kasturba Rural Health Training Centre, Anji during January 2008 where 385 adolescents were selected by simple random sampling and interviewed by house to house visits. After survey, six focus group discussions were undertaken with adolescent boys. RESULTS: About 68.3% boys and 12.4% girls had consumed any tobacco products in last 30 days. Out of boys who had consumed tobacco, 79.2% consumed kharra, and 46.4% consumed gutka. Among boys, 51.2% consumed it due to peer pressure, 35.2% consumed tobacco as they felt better, and fi ve percent consumed tobacco to ease abdominal complaints and dental problem. Among girls, 72% used dry snuff for teeth cleaning, 32% and 20% consumed tobacco in the form of gutka and tobacco & lime respectively. The reasons for non use of tobacco among girls were fear of cancer (59%), poor oral health (37.9%). Among non consuming boys it was fear of cancer (58.6%), poor oral health (44.8%) and fear of getting addiction (29.3%). According to FGD respondents, few adolescent boys taste tobacco by 8-10 years of age, while girls do it by 12-13 years. Peer pressure acts as a pro tobacco infl uence among boys who are outgoing and spend more time with their friends. They prefer to consume freshly prepared kharra which was supposed to be less strong (tej) than gutka. Tobacco is being used in treatment of some health problems. Tobacco is chewed after meals for better digestion, given to ease toothache, pain in abdomen and to induce vomiting in suicidal insecticide poisoning. CONCLUSION: The current consumption of any tobacco products among rural adolescents was found very high. Hence, the multi-pronged intervention strategy is needed to tackle the problem.
under investigation. Of these, six were male and white. The median age was 68 years old, ranging from 40 to 77. Four had complete higher education, four high school and two elemetary education. Ten died. None of the suspected cases underwent iatrogenic exposure and had no family history of disease. All had cerebellar ataxia, 80% had progressive dementia and extra-pyramidal signs and 60% had psychiatric disorders, pyramidal signs, myoclonus and sleep disturbances. Of the specific tests performed five had typical result by electroencephalogram; six with typical diffusion by MRI/CT; five presented Protein 14-3-3; none of them presented mutation of prion; four patients had spongiform encephalopathy brain by biopsy; four positive by immunohistochemistry for PRPNPc. Only three patients underwent necropsy had histological positive result. Conclusion Since this is a new and yet unknown disease in our country, needs to improve the clinical diagnosis as a way to better understand the natural history of it and thereby promote effective measure control. Introduction There are well-established risk factors, such as lower education, for attrition of study participants. Consequently, the representativeness of the cohort in a longitudinal study may deteriorate over time. Death is a common form of attrition in cohort studies of older people. The aim of this paper is to examine the effects of death and other forms of attrition on risk factor prevalence in the study cohort and the target population over time. P1-131Methods Differential associations between a risk factor and death and non-death attrition are considered under various hypothetical conditions and data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) and the Australian Censuses and National Health Surveys are used to illustrate the evolution of bias over 12 years. Results Between 1996 and 2008, 28.4% of ALSWH participants born in 1921e1926 died, 16.5% withdrew and 10.4% were lost to followup. Hypothetical scenarios illustrate how death and other attrition can affect changes in bias over time. For this cohort there were differential associations with various risk factors, for example, being born in a non-English speaking country was associated with nondeath attrition but not death whereas being underweight was associated with death but not other forms of attrition. Conclusions Deaths occur in both the target population and study cohort, while other forms of attrition occur only in the study cohort. Therefore non-death attrition may cause greater bias than death in longitudinal studies. However although more than a quarter of the oldest participants in the ALSWH died, differences from the national population changed only slightly. Introduction Interval cancer (IC) rate, risk factors and biological characteristics have been scarcely evaluated. In January 2010 started a multicentric project with the aim to estimate rates and determinants of IC and to compare their characteristics with those detected in the routine screening mammography. Methods Information...
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