Changes in Liver Parenchyma of Green Frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex) under Conditions of Anthropogenic Pollution and Th eir Use inMonitoring of Water Bodies. Akulenko, N. M. -Determination of the total biological eff ects of anthropogenic water pollution remains an important issue. Our long-term studies have shown that numerous alterations occur in the frog liver histological structure under pressure of anthropogenic pollution factor. Th e leukocyte infi ltration, fat dystrophy, protein dystrophy and necrosis are well known on the mammal liver. Also we fi rst described the rebuilding in the normal liver structure and the depletation of the fi brous tissue which are characteristic for the amphibians. Quantitative analysis of these alterations can identify signifi cant diff erences in the pattern of pathological changes in the liver of the green frogs, which pick up in anthropogenically contaminated landscapes and in the clear ponds. Th is method allows quantifying the degree of biological eff ect of pollution.K e y w o r d s: amphibia, liver, anthropogenic pollution, monitoring.Изменения в паренхиме печени зеленых лягушек (Pelophylax esculentus complex) в условиях антропогенного загрязнения и их использование для мониторинга водных объектов. Акуленко Н. М. -Определение совокупного биологического воздействия антропогенного загрязнения воды остается важным вопросом. Наши долгосрочные исследования показали, что в печени лягушки под действием антропогенного загрязнения происходят многочисленные изменения гистологическогой структуры. Инфильтрация лейкоцитов, жировая дистрофия, белковая дистрофия и некроз хорошо известны для печени млекопитающих. Также мы впервые описали перестройки нормальной структуры печени и уменьшение количества фиброзной ткани, которые характерны для земноводных. Количественный анализ этих изменений выявляет достоверные различия в количестве патологических изменений в печени зеленых лягушек, которые забраны в антропогенно загрязненных ландшафтах и в чистых водоемах. Этот метод позволяет количественно оценить степень биологического воздействия загрязнений. К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: амфибия, печень, антропогенное загрязнение, мониторинг.
Haemopoietic System of the Anurans: the Role of Bone Marrow and Liver. Akulenko N. M. -The haemopoietic activity of the frog, Pelophylax ridibundus was investigated during the year. Liver and bone marrow myelograms were examined in the different seasons using the special indexes and coefficients. It was shown the presence of the erythroid and granulocytic differentiation during the year in the both organs. In the bone marrow is changing the total number of the non-diferentiated haemopoietic cells, but ratio between erythroid and granulocytic progenitors is stabile. The haemopoietic activity of the liver has more prominent season variation in comparison with the marrow, but their total significance is comparable. The erythrocytic differentiation is more prominent during the summer and autumn, but granulocytic one took place in the spring and summer.K e y w o r d s: haemopoiesis, anuran.Ãåìîïîïîýòè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà áåñõâîñòûõ àìôèáèé: ðîëü êîñòíîãî ìîçãà è ïå÷åíè. Àêóëåíêî Í. Ì. -Ãåìîïîýòè÷åñêóþ àêòèâíîñòü êîñòíîãî ìîçãà è ïå÷åíè îçåðíîé ëÿãóøêè (Pelophylax ridibundus) èññëåäîâàëè â òå÷åíèå ãîäà. Ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïåöèàëüíûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ è ïîêàçàòåëåé àíàëèçè-ðîâàëèñü ìèåëîãðàììû êîñòíîãî ìîçãà è ïå÷åíè, îïðåäåëåííûå â ðàçëè÷íûå ñåçîíû. Ïîêàçàíî íàëè÷èå â îáîèõ îðãàíàõ äèôôåðåíöèðîâêè ýðèòðîèäíîãî è ìèåëîèäíîãî ðîñòêîâ â òå÷åíèå ãîäà.  êîñòíîì ìîçãå èçìåíÿåòñÿ îáùåå êîëè÷åñòâî íåäèôôåðåíöèðîâàííûõ ïðåäøåñòâåííè-êîâ êðîâåòâîðåíèÿ, íî ñîîòíîøåíèå ýðèòðîèäíûõ è ãðàíóëîöèòàðíûõ ïðåäøåñòâåííèêîâ îñòà-åòñÿ ñòàáèëüíûì. Ãåìîïîýòè÷åñêàÿ àêòèâíîñòü ïå÷åíè èìååò áîëåå âûðàaeåííûå ñåçîííûå êîëå-áàíèÿ, õîòÿ å¸ îáùåå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ãåìîïîýçà ñðàâíèìî ñ êîñòíûì ìîçãîì. Äèôôåðåíöèðîâêà ýðèòðîöèòîâ áîëåå âûðàaeåíà ëåòîì è îñåíüþ, à äèôôåðåíöèðîâêà ãðàíóëîöèòîâ -âåñíîé è ëåòîì.
The article describes characteristic features of the hematopoiesis in mature and immature green frogs (Pelophylax esculentus complex). Quantitative differences in liver myelograms were insignificant. However, in a sample of mature animals numerous significant correlations between the number of pigment inclusions in the liver and indicators of erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis were observed. Those correlations were absent in the immature frogs. We concluded that aft er the frogs’ breeding a lack of plastic resources, in particular, hemosiderin remains up to the hibernation.
Macrophages and Pigment Cells in the Liver of Pelophylax ridibundus (Anura). Akulenko, N. M.-The morphological features of pigment-containing cells and phagocytic cells were observed on the smears of the liver of the lake frogs. Based on an analysis of more than 1500 cells, it was concluded that cells that have pigment granules in the cytoplasm do not have phagocytic inclusions. On the other hand, phagocytic cells can have pigment inclusions only in the composition of phagocytic vacuoles. Thus, in this organ pigment cells and macrophages are different lines of cell differentiation. For two types of cells, the morphological features characterizing young, functionally active and aging cells are described. K e y w o r d s : frog, liver, pigment cells, macrophages.
In the article the histological changes in the liver of the common toad, Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758), under conditions of moderate anthropogenic pollution (a vast park surrounded by urban areas) are examined. In the liver parenchyma, numerous changes characteristic of toxic damage were found: hepatocyte necrosis, fatty dystrophy, protein (and hydropic) dystrophy, signs of infl ammation. An analysis of the number of pigment inclusions in the liver shows hyperpigmentation in some specimens and hypopigmentation in others. The presence of hyperpigmentation indicates a moderate degree of damage and activation of compensation processes in animals. This is confirmed by a large population of common toads in this biotope. It is concluded that in anthropogenically modified biotopes some deterioration of animal health can be compensated by the absence of predators and the reduction of food competition.
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