Background and purpose: Ghrelin, a gut-brain peptide, is considered a gastroprotective factor in gastric mucosa. We investigated the role of prostaglandins (PG) and the possible interplay between PGs and nitric oxide (NO) in ghrelin gastroprotection against ethanol (EtOH)-induced gastric lesions. Experimental approach: We examined the effects of (1) central ghrelin (4 mg per rat) injection on PGE 2 accumulation in normal or EtOH-lesioned gastric mucosa, (2) pretreatment with indomethacin (10 mg kg À1 , p.o.), a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, and with a selective COX-1, SC560 (5 mg kg À1 , p.o.) or COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib (3.5 mg kg À1 , p.o.) on ghrelin gastroprotection against 50% EtOH (1 mL per rat)-induced gastric lesions, (3) the NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME (70 mg kg À1 , s.c), on gastric PGE 2 content in ghrelin-treated rats and (4) central ghrelin on the expression of constitutive and inducible NOS and COX mRNA and on the localization of the immunoreactivity for COX-2 in the gastric mucosa exposed to EtOH. Key results: Ghrelin increased PGE 2 in normal mucosa, whereas, it reversed the EtOH-induced PGE 2 surge. Ghrelin had no effect on mucosal COX-1 expression but reduced the EtOH-induced increase in COX-2 expression and immunoreactivity. Indomethacin and SC560, but not celecoxib, removed ghrelin gastroprotection. L-NAME prevented the PGE 2 surge induced by ghrelin and, like indomethacin, reduced EtOH-induced PGE 2 increase. Ghrelin enhanced eNOS expression and reduced iNOS mRNA. Conclusions and implications:This study shows that COX-1-derived PGs are mainly involved in ghrelin gastroprotection and that the constitutive-derived NO together with PGE 2 are involved in ghrelin gastroprotective activity.

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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent form of inherited intellectual disability and the best-described monogenic cause of autism. CGG-repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene leads to FMR1 silencing, loss-of-expression of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), and is a common cause of FXS. Missense mutations in the FMR1 gene were also identified in FXS patients, including the recurrent FMRP-R138Q mutation. To investigate the mechanisms underlying FXS caused by this mutation, we generated a knock-in mouse model (Fmr1R138Q) expressing the FMRP-R138Q protein. We demonstrate that, in the hippocampus of the Fmr1R138Q mice, neurons show an increased spine density associated with synaptic ultrastructural defects and increased AMPA receptor-surface expression. Combining biochemical assays, high-resolution imaging, electrophysiological recordings, and behavioural testing, we also show that the R138Q mutation results in impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation and socio-cognitive deficits in mice. These findings reveal the functional impact of the FMRP-R138Q mutation in a mouse model of FXS.

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We studied the effect of the acute central administration of obestatin on food intake and body weight in short-term starved male rats, and those of 28-day continuous intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of obestatin in free feeding rats. In 16-h starved rats, obestatin induced a trend toward a reduction of food intake that did not reach statistical significance. In fed rats, the icv infusion of obestatin significantly decreased food consumption in the first day of treatment; but the anorexigenic effect of obestatin vanished thereafter. Interestingly, the body weight of rats infused for 28 days with obestatin was superimposable to that of the respective control at all time intervals. In all, our results indicate that the anorexigenic effect of obestatin is of little account and that the peptide does not modify energy metabolism in the long-term administration.