SummaryThis study aims to assess the prevalence and outcomes of inhalational anaesthetic abuse among anaesthesia training programmes. Online surveys were completed by chairpersons of academic anaesthesia training programmes in the United States. The response rate was 84% (106 ⁄ 126 programmes). Twenty-two percent of the departments had had at least one incident of inhalational anaesthetic abuse. Forty-eight percent (15 ⁄ 31) of the persons abusing inhalational anaesthetics were sent for rehabilitation. Only 22% (7 ⁄ 31) of those found to be abusing inhalational anaesthetics were ultimately able to return successfully to anaesthesia practice with sustained recovery. The mortality rate among individuals found abusing inhalational anaesthetics was 26% (8 ⁄ 31). The majority of the anaesthesia departments (97 ⁄ 104, 93%) did not have any pharmacy accounting of inhalational anaesthetics. This is the first published survey of inhalational anaesthesia abuse. Inhalational anaesthetic abuse should be considered in at-risk individuals or those with a history of substance abuse. The concern about substance abuse is not unique to American anaesthetists. Countries around the world deal with similar substance abuse issues.