Arsenic trioxide (ATO)-based regimens are the standard of care for treating acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) and have replaced chemotherapy-based approaches. However, the cost of "patented" ATO is prohibitive because of patent rights. "Generic" ATO has been used in a few countries, but its implications for health resource utilization (HRU) and cost of treatment are unknown. We hypothesized that treating APL patients using generic ATO (APL-ATO) will be cost effective compared to the chemotherapy-based regimen (APL-CT). In a single-centre retrospective study, we used a bottom-up costing method to compare the direct medical cost of treatment and HRU between APL-ATO and APL-CT. These costs and the survival and relapse probabilities were imputed in a threestate Markov decision model to estimate the cost effectiveness of APL-ATO compared to APL-CT. The mean cost of treatment for APL-ATO (n = 30, $8500 AE 2078) was significantly less than for APL-CT (n = 30, $22 600 AE 5528) (P < 0Á001). APL-ATO reduced hospitalization, antibiotic and antifungal usage (P < 0Á001). In the Markov model, five-year treatment costs were significantly lower for APL-ATO ($11 131) than for APL-CT ($17 926) (P < 0Á001). Treatment cost and health resource utilization were significantly lower for generic ATO-treated APL patients compared to the chemotherapy-based regimen.
A single dose of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) was administered to female rats on Day 12 of gestation. Fetuses were collected at 24-h intervals from gestation Day 18 to 20. Gross malformations of the forelimb were observed, notably micromelia, oligodactyly, brachydactyly and adactyly. Specimens stained with Alizarin red-s and Alcian blue revealed postaxial skeletal deformities. Chronological histochemical investigations revealed delay in the ossification of the radius and completely unossified ulna; the end results showed the ulna to be more affected than the radius.
Mean BMI Male Female Sex Race Malay Chinese Indian RESULTS Data interpretation for mean body mass index (BMI) based on gender and races: Table 3 shows the demographic data. Out of the 82 study participants, 37 were males (15 Malay, 12 Chinese and 10 Indian) and 45 were females (20 Malay, 10 Chinese and 15 Indian). It is evident from Fig. 1 that amongst males, Indian had the highest BMI value followed by Malay and Chinese. Further, BMI value for Indian was greater than that for Malay by 4.94% while BMI value for Indian was greater than that for Chinese by 9.17%. The BMI of Malay was greater than that of Chinese by 4.46%. With respect to females, Malay had the highest BMI value followed by Indian and Chinese. BMI value for Malay was greater than that for Indian by 6.61% while BMI value for Malay was greater than that for Chinese by 7.62% and BMI value for Indian was greater than that for Chinese by 1.08%.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.