In the article, following the results of complex methods (anatomic, histologic, organometric, histometric and statistical) researches are shown the features of morphological structure and morphometric parameters of the lungs of mature rabbits. It was found out, that macro- and microscopic architecture of rabbit lungs has similar histoarchitectonics, inherent in other species of farm animals of the class "mammals" and the characteristic features of morphological structures. Lungs in clinically healthy rabbits structurally reflect the shape of thoracic cavity and gradually expand ventrally. Subsequent to the results of performed organometry, the absolute lung mass of mature rabbits is 18,05±1,32 g, relative 0,624±0,013 %. The Right and left rabbit lungs are surrounded by pleural sacs (right and left): in rabbits pleural spaces of the right and left lungs are not connected. According to morphological and organometric investigations the rabbit lungs are relating to VIII type – the reduction of the superior lobe of left lung is observed, consequently right lung is more developed than left ( the length of right lung is 6,40±0,45 mm, the width – 3,54±0,30 mm, the thickness – 3,28±0,30 mm; the length of left lung is 6,84±0,40 mm; 4,18±0,30 mm and 1,52±0,30 mm relatively) and the coefficient of lung asymmetry (right to left) according to their absolute mass is 1.16. Although, rabbit lungs have dilatated base and superior. Right lung divides into four lobes – cranial (the superior), cardio, diaphragmatic and ancilla, left one divides into three lobes – the reduced superior, cardio and diaphragmatic. Histoarchitecture of lungs is formed by lobes of the lungs, that are separated by connective tissue, which contains blood and lymphatic vessels. Lung parenchyma is created by airways and respiratory divisions that blood vessels accompany to. Respiratory lung parenchyma is formed by respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar saccules, in which walls the alveolus are located and shape the alveolar tree. According to the analysis of histometry results, respiratory (breathing) lobe of lungs of experimental rabbits is 52,3± 0,62 %, connective tissue base – 69,6±1,27 %, and the average volume of alveolus (small, middle and big) is equal to 42,3±4,35 thousand mkm3.
The lungs, which form part of the respiratory apparatus, provide gas exchange between the environment and the tissues of the human and animal body. Therefore, lung diseases are one of the most pressing issues for modern humane and veterinary medicine. This problem is caused by the progressive growth of diseases in mammals such as bronchial asthma, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, pneumonia, coronavirus infections, etc. Therefore, to effectively solve this issue in terms of prevention, effective treatment, and prompt differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases, an essential area in morphology is the study of the respiratory apparatus, namely the lungs, in clinically healthy animals, to develop marker test criteria that will serve as indicators of the norm in the differential diagnosis of these diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the macro- and microscopic structure of the lungs, conduct a morphometric assessment of their morphological structures in domestic sexually mature horses (class Mammals, species – domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus L., 1758). The object of this study was the lungs of clinically healthy sexually mature horses (n=5). Fresh lungs of the animals under study were subjected to anatomical preparation. For histological studies, generally accepted methods of fixing pieces of material and making histological sections were used, which were then stained with haematoxylin and eosin and according to Van Gieson’s method. The basis of the lungs in horses are pyramidal or cone-shaped lobules. Part of the structure of the lobes are acini covered with a thin layer of connective tissue. The microscopic structure of acini is formed by alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. According to the results of research, the alveolar tree in horses is shortened and wide and has a bubble shape. The results of morphometric studies showed that the average volume of pulmonary alveoli in clinically healthy horses is 699.80±106.42 thous. μm3. The respiratory part of the lungs in horses occupies 54.8±7.4% of the total area of the lung parenchyma, the connective tissue base – 45.2±7.4%. Such studies of morphological features and morphometric parameters of equine lungs are of practical importance in veterinary medicine since they are markers and criteria for pathomorphological diagnosis of diseases associated with the respiratory system
The respiratory system is one of the most important systems that carries out the body's gas exchange between air and blood, as a result of which oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide is removed from it to the environment. In recent years, in the list of diseases of various etiologies, there has been a sharp increase in the number of diseases related to the respiratory organs. There is no doubt that the effective treatment of these pathologies is impossible without knowledge of breed and species characteristics of the anatomy and histology of respiratory organs, the morphofunctional parameters of which should be taken into account when carrying out diagnostic and preventive measures, regarding the prevention of animal diseases, and when providing them with medical care. Therefore, when planning research on the respiratory organs, which include the lungs, one should take into account their topographical-anatomical specific features in domestic animals, their structural-functional features of the microscopic structure, etc. The completed morphological work is a fragment of the research topic of the Department of Normal and Pathological Morphology, Hygiene and Expertise, Polis National University: "Development, morphology and histochemistry of animal organs in normal and pathological conditions", (state registration number – No. 0113V000900). This publication is devoted to the study of the morpho-functional characteristics of the lungs of a sexually mature horse (Equus Feruscaballus L., 1758). Using the method of anatomical dissection, macroscopic, histological, morphometric and statistical methods of research, the macro- and microscopic structure of the lungs was clarified and their belonging to a certain anatomical type was determined. As a result of the conducted studies, the partial structure of the lungs was determined, their topography, shape, dimensions, absolute and relative mass of the lungs were determined, a morphometric assessment of their morphological structures, asymmetry coefficient, etc. was carried out. Staining of tissue sections with hematoxylin and eosin was used to study cell morphology, conduct morphometric studies, and obtain histological examination preparations. When conducting morphological studies, the basic rules of good laboratory practice GLP (1981), the provisions of the "General ethical principles of animal experiments" adopted by the First National Congress of Bioethics (Kyiv, 2001) and the requirements of the "Rules for conducting work using experimental animals", approved by order of the Ministry of Health No. 281 dated November 1, 2000 "On measures to further improve organizational forms of work with the use of experimental animals". It was morphologically investigated that the macro- and micromorphology of the lungs of a sexually mature horse has certain characteristic morphological features, according to the class, age and species of animals. Thus, through scientific studies of the horse, we present the presence of individual morphological features in the lobular structure of the lungs. So, in the left lung of horses there are only two lobes: cranial and caudal, in the right lung there are three lobes: cranial, caudal and additional. Histological structure of acini formed by alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. According to the results of morphological studies, the alveolar tree in horses, represented by a shortened type, is wide and has a bubble shape. Morphometric studies have shown that the average volume of pulmonary alveoli in clinically healthy horses is 699.8±106.42 thousand μm3. The respiratory part of the lungs in horses occupies 54.8±7.4% of the total area of the lung parenchyma, the connective tissue base – 45.2±7.4%. Key words: anatomy, domestic animals, respiratory organs, gas exchange, morphometry, morphotopography, lung lobes, absolute weight, lung histostructure, bronchial tree, respiratory bronchioles, lung asymmetry.
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