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<p>Artificial lighting consumed significant amount of electrical energy in commercial buildings. Therefore, intelligent control strategies are widely implemented to reduce the lighting energy consumption. This paper presents comprehensive review of the current sensing-based strategies (i.e. occupancy, daylight and mixed), sensors placement methods (i.e. occupancy and light) and factors affecting the performance of the lighting control strategies. Based on literature survey, the sensors placement methods can be categorized into three approaches: fixed, mathematical equation and optimization. The state-of-the-art of these approaches are discusses in details. It found that, the optimization-based approach capable to find the optimal sensor placement (numbers and positions) effectively. Moreover, the mixed strategy can be produced the highest energy savings up to 95% compared with other strategies. The occupancy pattern and building characteristics are the main factors to contribute higher energy savings of sensing-based strategies in commercial buildings.  </p>

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Distribution factors have been used to identify the contributions of the transmission users towards line flows in an electricity market. They are the basis of transmission usage charges in many cases more fairly. However, the existing distribution factors still have various limitations which prevent the wider application of this technique in electricity market practices. In this paper, a new technique is proposed to evaluate the transmission line flows more accurately. The proposed approach, referred to as justified distribution factors approach, is tested in a realistic electricity market against other commonly used distribution factors to show its effectiveness.