The behaviour of (semi-)volatile organic compounds at the interface between the leaf surface and the atmosphere was investigated by finite-element numerical simulation. Three model systems with increasing complexity and closeness to the real situation were studied. The three-dimensional model systems were translated into appropriate grid structures and diffusive and convective transport in the leaf/atmosphere interface was simulated. Fenpropimorph (cis-4-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl]-2,6-dimethylmorpholine) and Kresoxim-methyl ((E)-methyl-2-methoxyimino-2-[2-(o-tolyloxy-methyl)phenyl] acetate) were used as model compounds. The simulation showed that under still and convective conditions the vapours emitted by a point source rapidly form stationary envelopes around the leaves. Vapour concentrations within these unstirred layers depend on the vapour pressure of the compound in question and on its affinity to the lipoid surface layers of the leaf (cuticular waxes, cutin). The rules deduced from the numerical simulation of organic vapour behaviour in the leaf/atmosphere interface are expected to help in assessing how (semi-)volatile plant products (e.g. hormones, pheromones, secondary metabolites) and xenobiotics (e.g. pesticides, pollutants) perform on plant surfaces.
Basic Research on Ultrasonic Production of Oil‐in‐Water‐Emulsions This article presents basic research results for production of oil in water emulsions under ultrasonic irradiation. A new theoretical model supports experimental work. Special attention is given to the transfer of batch experiments to continuous emulsification processes. Our experimental findings prove that final drop size essentially depends on specific power density. Drop size decreases with increasing residence time in the ultrasonic field until a system specific, minimum drop size is obtained. Ultrasonic irradiation leads to turbulent flow conditions on a macroscopic and a microscopic scale. Our model based on the theory of turbulent drop break up predicts drop size and can be used to design equipment for ultrasonic emulsification.
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