Background: Ziziphora tenuior L. known as Kakuti in Persian, is used in traditional medicine for fever, dysentery, uterus infection and as an analgesic. It is used also in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders as carminative, or remedy of diarrhea or nausea. Major components of plant essential oil including pulegone, isomenthone, thymol, menthone, and piperitone are suggested to be responsible for the mentioned medicinal properties. Objectives: In the present study, a normal high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/photodiode array validated method for quantification of isomenthone, one of the major constituents of Ziziphora, was established for the first time with a simple, rapid and accurate method. Materials and Methods: HPLC analysis was done on a Waters system, equipped with 515 HPLC pump and waters 2996 photodiode array detector. The column was a Nova-Pak Silica (3.9 × 150 mm), and Empower software was used for the determination of the compounds and processing the data. The method was validated according to USP 32 requirements. Results: A selective method for the resolution of isomenthone from two nearest peaks, thymol, and carvacrol was obtained with gradient system of hexane (A), and hexane: ethyl acetate (9:1) (B), starting with A: B (100:0) for 2 minutes, then 0-20% B in 5 minutes, A:B (80:20) for 5 minutes, then 20-30% B in 3 minutes, 30-100% B for 5 minutes, A:B (0:100) for 4 minutes following with equilibrating for 10 minutes. The flow rate was 1 mL/min at 22˚C and the injection volume for the standards and the samples was 20 μL. The retention time for isomenthone was found to be 7.45 minutes. The regression equation was y = 143235x -2433 with the correlation co-factor R 2 = 0.9992 and the percent recovery of 65.4 ± 3.85%. The sample obtained from 5 g of Z. teniour dried powder in 6 mL extract was standardized to contain 1.14 ± 0.030 μL/mL isomenthone which is equivalent to % 1.37 μL/g of the dried powdered plant. Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) were 0.037, and 0.122 µL/mL determined by using the formula based on the signal to noise ratio. Conclusions: Due to this fact that plant extracts may cause irreversible damages to the capillary GC columns, using validated HPLC method for the analysis of these compounds in cruse plant extracts is recommended.
The constituents of the essential oil obtained by the hydrodistillation of Nepeta glomerulosa Boiss. subsp. carmanica were investigated by GC and GC–MS analysis. The oil contains over 35 components. The major components were α‐pinene (18.3%), 1,8‐cineole (13.9%), limonene (9.7%), linalool (4.8%), trans‐β‐ocimene (4.7%), humulene epoxide (4.2%), trans‐α‐bergamotene (3.5%), α‐humulene (3.2%) and camphene (3.1%). Identification of the compounds was based on retention indices, MS data and comparison with authentic samples. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytochemical investigation of the flowers of Anthemis odontostephana Boiss. var. odontostephana (Asteraceae) resulted in the isolation of a natural cyclohexenone sesquiterpenoid with a bisabolene skeleton, 1-hydroxydelobanone (1), for the first time as a natural product, and a previously reported cyclohexenone derivative, antheminone A (2), along with two known flavonoids, pectolinaringenin (3), and salvigenin (4). The stereochemistry at positions C-4 and C-5 of the cyclohexenone ring of compound 2 was established based on 1 H-1 H spin-spin coupling constants and ROESY spectra. Compounds 2 and 3 were reported previously as antileishmanial and cytotoxic agents by other authors. The structures of the compounds were elucidated using NMR spectroscopic methods including 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, APT, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC, and mass spectrometry.
Chamomile is used as antiphlogistic, spasmolytic and ulcus protective remedy. The spasmolytic action is concerned to the flavonoids (1) and Spiro ethers (2,3). The spiro ethers are unstable compounds, therefore it is unknown how long these substances remain in an intact form in the stomach and intestine and whether they are absorbed.To answer this question, '4C-labelled spiro ethers are prepared and applicated on mice. The labelling was done by injecting of the precursor "C-acetate into the flowers of a polyploid Chamomile (4). After an incubation time of 3 days the spiro ethers were isolated from the essential oil or dichlormethane extract by preparative thin layer chromatography. For investigation of absorption, litCi '4C-spiro ether, emulsified in 300 tl milk with 6 mg epicuron, was applicated per mouse. 3 hours later the total radioactivity content in stomach, intestine, organs and different tissues was measured after combustion of an aliquot. Another aliquot tissue was extracted by dichlormethanemethanole (2:1) and the extract was analysed by thin layer and autoradiography. By these investigations it could be demonstrated that 3 hours after application, about 50% of the radioactivity still remained in stomach and intestine. The other part was distributed in tissues and organs. Liver, fat tissue, skin and muscle contained a relatively high radioactivity. With the aid of autoradiography, intact spiro ether could be domonstrated in the stomach and intestine. The radioactivity in the tissues and organs partially descendet from metabolites.These results indicate that the spasmolytic spiro ethers have a long action in the stomach and intestine, and are absorbed and distributed in organs and tissues.In the search for plants with antitumour activities, a rapid test system has been developed for the screening of cytotoxic activities. Cell numbers were measured, in vitro, by an application of the method of Landegren (1) : A chromogenic substrate, p-nitrophenol-N-acetyl--D-glucosaminide, was added to cell cultures and the release of p-nitrophenol by lysosomal enzymes in living cells was measured spectrophotometrically (405 nm). This test is more rapid and precise than direct count-ing of the cells. A human tumour cell line derived from an adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon Co 115 (2) has been chosen.This type of tomour cell is more representative of the vast majority of human neoplasms than leukaemia cell lines. This test can be used to carry out biological screening of extracts of plants used in traditional medicine.The antiproliferative activities of pure substances can equally well be measured by means of this test.A series of compounds isolated from the African medicinal plant Psorospermum febrifugum Spach. (Guttiferae) were tested for their antiproliferative activities in the bioassay and gave various degrees of cytotoxicity. Two tetrahydro-anthracenes (vismione D and acetylvismione D, both major components of the petroleum ether extract) exhibited reproducible toxicity to the human colon carcinoma cell line (3...
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