Marzouk, A.S., Khalil, G.M., Mohamed, F.S.A. and Farid, N., 1987. Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): central and peripheral nervous system anatomy. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 3:145-161.The Hyalomma dromedarii central nervous system, the synganglion, is an integrated nerve mass concentrated around the esophagus and formed by fusion of a small anterodorsal supraesophageal part and a large posteroventral subesophageal part. The supraesophageal part consists of the protocerebrum including a pair of optic ganglia, a pair of cheliceral ganglia, a pair of pedipalpal ganglia, and the stomodeal pons. The subesophageal part includes four paired pedal ganglia and the complex opisthosomatic ganglion. The peripheral nervous system includes the following pairs of nerves: optic, cheliceral, pedipalpal, primary and accessory (histologically traced) ; also unpaired pharyngeal and recurrent nerves, four pairs of pedal nerve trunks, each with a hemal branch, and two pairs of opisthosomatic nerves. Each peripheral nerve is traced distally to the innervation site. The salivary glands are innervated anteriorly by branches of the pedipalpal nerve and medially by branches of the hemal nerves associated with the third pedal nerves.
The foremost important aim of the present study was to scrutinize some physiological factors and histopathological conditions in lungs of Baladi and Shami goat ' s kids and its effects on mortality rate during neonatal period. The current study was launched at Ras Sudr Research Station, located at South Sinai, belonging to Desert Researcher Center. Cairo, Egypt. Twenty five adult does of each breed (average 18 months old) were used in breeding season. All does were estrus synchronized and naturally mated. The obtained kids were kept with their mother during the entire experimental period (one month from February to March 2017) and fed only with colostrum and maternal milk. Kids' live body weight changes, colostrum composition and its immunoglobulin M (IgM) content, daily milk yield and composition, total serum protein and its fractions in both dams and their offspring's were estimated. Dead kids were dissected immediately and lungs were collected for histopathological examinations.The overall mortality rate was significantly affected by the breed and recorded 23.07 % and 56.45% in Baladi and Shami kids respectively. Mortality rate was significantly higher in male than female kids. The level of IgM was higher (P<0.01) in colostrum of Baladi than in Shami does. However, Shami does gave higher (P<0.001) milk yield. Goat breed had no significant effect on percentage of milk content of protein, ash, solid not fat (SNF) or total solids (pg/ml), while milk fat (%) and lactose (%) were higher (P<0.001) in Baladi goats milk. Blood serum of Baladi does showed higher values of total protein, albumin, alpha-2 globulins, gamma globulins and A/G ratio, but lower values of alpha-1 and beta globulins in comparison with that of Shami does. For kids, serum total protein, albumin, alpha-1 globulins, beta globulins and A/G ratio were higher (P<0.001), while alpha-2 globulins and gamma globulins were lower (P<0.01) in Shami than Baladi kids. In both breeds, all these parameters increased (P<0.01) after 21 days of parturition with the exception of gamma-globulins which decreased significantly during neonatal period.The lung lesions were grossly recorded 85.71% in dead kids. Histopathologically, broncho-pneumonia, bronchoectasia, emphysema of lung and pneumonia were recorded.It could be concluded that exposure of neonates to cold stress (hypothermia) that was prevailing during experimental period induced a significant increase in the incidence of pneumonia which greatly resulted in kid's mortality. The higher mortality rate of Shami kids might be related to the lower IgM level in colostrum of their dams.
The main goal of the present experiment is to scrutinize the effect of the maternal immunity on their kids and it's relation to neonatal mortality in Baladi and Shami goat's kids during post-partum period (1st month post-partum). This study was conducted at the Ras Sudr Research Station of the Desert Research center, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt. Fifty clinically healthy adult, 18 months old, estrus synchronized does of two breeds of goats were grouped in two groups according to their breed. The first group contained 25 Baladi does (21.27 kg average body weight) and the second group contained 25 Shami does (35.35 kg average body weight). All dams of both groups were naturally mated. All kids were left with their mothers during the study period (one month) and fed only with colostrum and maternal milk. White blood cells (WBCs) and its differential count, serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations were determined in both dams groups at pre-partum and post-partum and in their kids at the first month postpartum. Dead kids were dissected and spleens were prepared for histopathological studies. Results demonstrated that, Baladi dams showed insignificant increase in WBCs as compared to Shami does. It was obvious that, Baladi does showed insignificant increase in neutrophils and monocytes and insignificant decrease in lymphocytes in comparison with Shami does. Concerning physiological status, significant changes were observed among WBCs and its differential count of Baladi and Shami does during experimental period. Kid's WBCs and lymphocytes were insignificantly higher in Shami kids than in Baladi kids, while neutrophils and monocytes were insignificantly lower in Shami kids. Concerning post-partum days, there was a significant increase in the values of WBC, monocytes and neutrophils throughout the 30-days post-partum in both kids groups .The present study revealed that serum IgM was significantly higher in Baladi does (0.91 mg/ml) than in Shami does (0.40 mg/ml) by a percentage of 127.5%. IgM level was significantly increased during pregnancy status and the high level was recorded in late gestation (0.75 mg/ml). Maternal breed indicated a significant effect on kid's serum IgM concentration. IgM was significantly higher in Baladi kids (0.27 mg/ml) than in Shami kids (0.11 mg/ml) by a percentage of 145.45%. Serum IgM concentrations significantly increased during neonatal period. The overall mean for IL -6 was significantly higher in Shami does than in Baladi does by a percentage of 65.63%. Concerning the influence of physiological status, IL -6 level increased significantly at post-partum in Shami does while pregnancy period had no significant effect on IL -6 concentration in both breeds . The overall mean for IL-6 was significantly higher in Shami kids (27.22 pg/ml) than in Baladi kids (9.58 pg/ml) by a percentage of 184.13%. Serum IL-6 showed a significant reduction during neonatal period in kids on 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, respectively. Histological alterations of kid's spleen revealed depl...
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