Rapid global economic growth and growing population have tremendously led to the increasing demand for energy needs in commercial and residential buildings. The main energy resources for electrical energy generation in Malaysia are fossil fuels. The increase in electricity demands causes simultaneous proportional growth in fossil fuel consumption, thereby leads to higher greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings have emerged as the most voracious electrical energy consumer which contributes over one-third of global energy consumption. Furthermore, lightings and air-conditioning systems have the most significant impacts on the total electricity usage of buildings in Malaysia. Thus, energy efficiency efforts targeting both loads will significantly reduce total energy consumption in the buildings. This paper aimed at reviewing energy efficiency efforts at the commercial buildings and comparison between simple strategy and SMART Building by using Building Energy Management System (BEMS). Many aspects of energy efficiency efforts will beconsidered such as energy consumption, occupant comfort, and system cost. Furthermore, suggestions for improving energy efficiency in the commercial building using the best strategy to reduce energy consumption by using a lighting control system will be discussed.
This study presents a comprehensive simulation of digital control applications for a grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) system using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation approach that incorporates a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The simulation is carried out using the MATLAB Simulink block set and employs a frequency domain controller as the control algorithm. The simulation inputs, which consist of voltage and current sensor readings, are processed by an ADC idealizer block that produces output based on a real-time DSP-based HIL system. The output is then utilized to generate a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal, which drives the voltage source inverter (VSI). The simulation’s primary objective is to demonstrate the simplicity and efficacy of the proposed frequency domain controller design for the GCPV-based DSTATCOM system. The simulation results validate the performance of the controller under various operating conditions, including steady-state, unbalanced loads, variable solar insolation, and day-to-night transitions.
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