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Yeasts play an important role in the life cycle and biology of the insect pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), commonly known as the spotted wing drosophila (SWD). Adult and larvae of this species are known to feed and benefit from yeast in their diet. In addition, yeasts were found to be attractive to SWD and were repeatedly found to be associated with SWD. Among those, Hanseniaspora uvarum is the most commonly mentioned. The present study explores the chemical composition and the effects of three H. uvarum strains and five yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida sp., Issatchenkia terricola, Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Saccharomycopsis vini) in the diet of SWD adults. The different yeast species used in this study influenced mortality, fecundity and ingestion by SWD females. Hanseniaspora uvarum and S. vini were preferably ingested and increased fecundity of SWD females. The intra-and extracellular concentrations of compounds, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, sugar alcohols and organic acids, produced or consumed by yeasts differed among the species. Knowledge of the interaction of different yeast species with SWD and specific differences in the profile of compounds of yeast can help to improve the development of control strategies against the insect pest by promoting the ingestion of attractand-kill formulations based on the combinations of yeasts and an appropriate insecticide. Keywords Fecundity • Hanseniaspora uvarum • Ingestion • Spotted wing drosophila • Yeast metabolites Key message • Naturally occurring yeasts play an important role in SWD development. • Mortality, fecundity and ingestion by SWD adults are influenced by the yeast species in their diet. • The concentrations of nutritional compounds in the fermentation broth of different yeasts vary due to differences in the methods they produce or consume compounds. • Chemical analysis of selected yeast cultures helps to understand the interaction between SWD and putative associated yeast species.

Background and Aims Wine fraud has been practised since ancient times, continuing up to the present day and taking many forms. In this study, detection of the addition of unpermitted sugar and water to wines was evaluated using a univariate method, officially adopted, and several more effective multivariate methods. Methods and Results The results are based on 5220 Italian wine samples belonging to the European Union (EU) Wine Databank collected in the period 2000–2010. This databank contains stable isotope ratios for wine samples from many regions over many years. The addition of variable amounts of sugar and water was simulated according to experimental results, and univariate and multivariate methods were compared. It was shown that this type of fraud can be discovered much more easily by the application of multivariate methods. Conclusions It can be difficult to detect the addition of unpermitted sugar and water to wines. With multivariate tests based on the EU Wine Databank, the likelihood of detecting this kind of fraud is significantly increased. Significance of the Study This research evaluates and proposes a more efficient method for statistical interpretation of the EU Wine Databank for evaluation of wine authenticity.

Introduction The domesticated dog, Canis lupus familiaris, has been selectively bred to produce extreme diversity in phenotype and genotype. Dogs have an immense diversity in weight and height. Specific differences in metabolism have not been characterized in small dogs as compared to larger dogs. Objectives This study aims to identify metabolic, clinical, and microbiota differences between small and larger dogs. Methods Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, clinical chemistry analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and 16S pyrosequencing were used to characterize blood metabolic, clinical, and fecal microbiome systems, respectively. Eighty-three canines from seven different breeds, fed the same kibble diet for 5 weeks, were used in the study. Results 449 metabolites, 16 clinical parameters, and 6 bacteria (at the genus level) were significantly different between small and larger dogs. Hierarchical clustering of the metabolites yielded 8 modules associated with small dog size. ConclusionSmall dogs had a lower antioxidant status and differences in circulating amino acids. Some of the amino acid differences could be attributed to differences in microflora. Additionally, analysis of small dog metabolites and clinical parameters reflected a network which strongly associates with kidney function.