Tomatoes, one of the most appreciated vegetables consumed, are crops well adapted for cultivation in arid and semi-arid conditions, with the success of large yields guaranteed by covering water consumption through irrigation. Solar Pumps—SP are driven by Photovoltaic Panels—PV (SPAPV), eliminating the dependence on electricity or diesel; they are environmentally friendly because they generate carbon-free electricity, and the cost of operation and maintenance is lower. In order to preserve the water administered by drip to the tomato crop grown in solariums, mulching is used. In Husasău de Tinca, in the Crișurilor Plain, the cultivation of tomato varieties without mulching (WM) and with mulching with black foil (MBF) was studied. To answer the question “How effective are water conservation measures in terms of energy independence?”, two variants of SPAPVs, direct pumping (ADP) and storage tank (AST) were simulated. It is proposed to determine the water consumption of tomatoes (ETRo), using the temperatures inside the solarium. In 2016, the average temperatures during the vegetation period with insurance of over 20%, were observed. The specific investment (SI) is 214,795 Euro ha−1 in the case of ADP and respectively 202,990 Euro ha−1 in the case of ATS. The payback period (IPT) is between 2.68 years and 2.53 years for the ADP variant and between 1.63 years and 1.54 years for the ATS variant. The indications for water use and irrigation water use show that in the MBF variant, the water administered by localized irrigation is better utilized than in the WM variant. The novelty of this study is the evaluation of the effectiveness of measures to reduce the effects of global climate change on tomatoes grown in solariums, useful for forecasting and watering restrictions, water consumption is determined from the air temperature measured inside the solarium, with insurance of over 20%. Taking into account the working hypotheses, the distribution of irrigation water in the solarium, with the help of SPAPVs, for tomatoes grown in the MBF variant, and a drip irrigation arrangement with ATS, the energy independence of the farm is ensured, the yields obtained are economically efficient, and the irrigation water is used rationally.
During the years 1965-1985, a veritable industrial platform was developed in the west part of Oradea, Bihor County, Romania. It stretches on an area of 9 sq. km. and is placed in the meadow of Crisul Repede River. Throughout that period, several industrial facilities were built that lately became sources of pollution for the environment. The purpose of the present paper is to study the influence of historical stages of industrialization and restructuring of enterprises in Western Oradea, addressing the evolution of groundwater quality, by mainly using geospatial analysis means. The evolution of some parameters in the water samples taken from drilling wells which characterize the groundwater quality were analyzed over a period of 30 years by using a pre-existing database, provided by the Romanian Waters National Administration-Crisuri branch. The ArcGIS system was used to highlight the spatial trends of the analyzed indicators on 16 maps. The available values have been incorporated into a pre-existing database, developed in ESRI ArcGIS 9.3. The results regarding the industrial sources indicated an extensive pollution process of the groundwater in the years 1977, 1990, and a reduction of the pollutants'concentrations in the recent monitoring years. Contrary to this evolution, the nitrate concentration increased toward 2008, exeeding the admitted limits. It is also noted, that until 1990 the pollution of the groundwater is rather of industrial nature and after 1990 the level of industrial pollution decreases, as in the restricted areas the agricultural pollution is amplified.
In order to verify the possibility of agricultural drought forecasting and prediction of agricultural yields in a given region, two climatic indices were used to monitor drought: Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Bhalme -Mooley Drought Index (BMDI). For the case study were taken into account conditions in Oradea, from Crişurilor Plain, which is located in the Western Romania. Evolution of dry periods determined by the two indices is similar but there are differences in their length and frequency, BMDI indicating higher frequencies of dry periods than SPI. In the majority of time periods analyzed, the future evolution trend indicated by the two climate indices is toward positive values, which means an increasing trend in the frequency of wet periods. Findings on the risk to drought using the drought magnitude calculated for monthly periods of different lengths and their frequencies indicate that the risk of drought according to SPI is reduced, while for BMDI it is indicated a medium risk of occurrence of droughts, appreciation closer to those shown in similar studies conducted in this area. The second-degree polynomial correlations established between the yields of winter wheat and maize, respectively BMDI and SPI values calculated for different time periods (hydrological year, cold season, warm season and vegetation period) demonstrate the possibility of predicting the crop yields, their accuracy being greater for smaller calculation periods, as close as possible to vegetation period of the analyzed culture. The results obtained for the case study performed confirm the above.
The paper presents the results of the researches carried out at the Agricultural Research Station Oradea, Bihor County, between 1994 and 2002, regarding millet and wheat yields from a haplic luvosoil polluted under control with oil brought from the exploitation site at Suplacu de Barcău. Phytoremediation is a recent technology that is used to stabilize or remove wastes from soils, groundwater or other medium by using living plants. The experimental device was made out of micro parcels of 1 m², set up in a randomized manner, in a Latin square, polluted with a concentration of: 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 % (0, 3, 9, 15, and 30 l/m²), oil in the ploughed layer, in four repetitions. The experience was than cultivated with in the first three years with millet (1993-1995), a plant that is considered to be resistant to pollution, and than until 2002 with spring wheat. The tendency of relative yields of polluted plots show that in the time of research period of ten years, the pollutant was phyto degraded, without any ameliorative measures. For the plot variants polluted with different concentration of crude oil, between the relative yields and time of research period was established second degree polynomial correlations, distinct and very significant statistically. The shape of the curves indicates the fact that after a minimum of relative yields, registered in the first or the second year of research period these increases continuously in time, until the finish of the experiment. The intensity of soil pollution, in the last year of research period, using the yield losses, in the plots with 1 % oil concentration is unpolluted, in the plots with 3 % oil concentration is weakly polluted, in the variant plots with 5 % oil concentration is moderate polluted and respectively in the plots with 10 % oil concentration is yet strong polluted. The time of phytodegradation, evaluated with help of equations, through the condition for relative yields to be 95 %, when the soil pollution characterization became unpolluted results that: on the 1 % variant the soil became unpolluted after 5,4 years, on the 3 % after 7,8 years, on the 5 % variant after 9,6 years, and on the 10 % variant the soil became unpolluted after 10,8 years.
Compared to fossil fuels, biodiesel is a clean fuel, does not pollute the environment, and can be produced from inexhaustible natural sources. The objectives of our research are to study how increasing doses of complex fertilizers, applied to rapeseed oil culture, affect the production of rapeseeds and oil; the comparative study between the quality parameters of refined rapeseed oil (RRO) and fatty acids (FA); and the analysis of the quality of the biodiesel obtained from them (BRO and BFA). The experimental field is set-up in a Latin rectangle format and is placed on a total area of 400 m2 divided into 16 parcels, randomized for uniformity with four replications and four fertilizer graduations (N0P0K0—Control, N160P160K160, N320P320K320, N480P480K480). To obtain biodiesel form oil (BRO) and fatty acids (BFA), the processes of esterification, transesterification, refining, washing, sedimentation, and drying were applied. A comparison between biodiesel quality parameters from RRO and FAs were made, and we highlighted the differences in quality compared to samples from the experimental field. The use of large amounts of complex fertilizers leads to high yields of rapeseed (13.3–47.0 q ha−1) and oil (629.8–2130.8 L ha−1), which are statistically significant only for high doses (N320P320K320 and N480P480K480). For most of the qualitative parameters studied, the differences in values between BFA and BRO have positive values, which means a higher quality for BRO. Both BRO and BFA generally fall within the quality parameters imposed by European standards (ES). Although the quality of BRO is superior to BFA, it is produced on a smaller scale due to the nutritional importance of refined rapeseed oil. This study is of particular importance in the optimization of rapeseed fertilization, with a view to the efficient conversion of crude oil, a feedstock for chemical fertilizers and an environmentally friendly fuel.
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