The current situation regarding the production, investigation, and processing of polymer-matrix-based nanocomposite materials is reviewed.
The study results of the influence of butadiene-nitrile rubber different grades concentration, cross-linking agent type and content on the physico-mechanical and thermo-deformation properties of polymer compositions based on polypropylene are presented. Mixing of the components was carried out on hot rollers in the melt mode at 170 °C. A preliminary study of rubber concentration affect on the properties of compositions based on polypropylene showed that the introduction of an elastomeric component leads to a regular decrease in the strength and elongation at break of the compositions. The results of investigation of the thermo-deformation properties of polymer compositions showed that at a rubber concentration of 30wt%, and higher on thermomechanical curves, the region of the high-elastic state characteristic of rubbers is noticeably distinguished. Taking into account that the rubber materials are obtained during the process of their vulcanization, it seemed interesting to crosslink materials with two types of vulcanizing agents – dicumyl peroxide and sulphur for obtaining comparable results. The concentration of dicumyl peroxide was varied between 0.5 - 2.0 wt%. It was found that the use of dicumyl peroxide in an amount of 1.0-2.0 wt% is accompanied by intense occurrence of crosslinking with the formation of an irreversible highly crosslinked structure in the polymer composition. Based on the evaluation of the melt flow index of the vulcanized compositions, it was found that at the concentration of dicumyl peroxide in an amount of 0.5 wt% they still retain the ability to flow. At concentrations above 0.5 wt% of dicumyl peroxide the polymer compositions completely lose the fluidity of the melt. It was found that with an increase in the sulphur concentration from 3.0 to 10 wt% the decrease in the melt flow index from 2.76 to 0.616 g/10 min is observed. It was found that the crosslinking process predominantly proceeds through double bonds of butadiene-nitrile rubber, thereby facilitating the production of dynamically vulcanized polymer materials with a unique combination of structure and properties. This was confirmed by the results of a study of the thermo-deformation characteristics of compositions, according to which a transition from the region of a high-elastic state to viscous-flow state is observed in all samples subjected to sulfur vulcanization. The results of the study make it possible to state that dynamic thermoplastic elastomers can be obtained only if the ratio of the components used in the polymer composition is correctly selected.
The article is dedicated to the investigation of the sorption of heavy metals from water bodies by foam polymer sorbents obtained on the basis of multicomponent polymer mixtures. The need for such studies was dictated by the fact that the more diverse the content of functional or polar groups became in the composition of the foam polymer sorbent, the greater was the probability of increasing the efficiency of sorption of heavy metals. Biocomponent polymer mixtures based on polyamide + polyurethane and three-component mixtures polyamide + polyurethane + acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer were used as polymer matrix of the foam polymer sorbents at various ratios. Depending on the chemical nature and the ratio of the initial components in the macromolecules of polyurethane, polyamide and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, in addition to urethane groups, functional groups such as ether–, ester, amide, urea, and also aliphatic and nitrile groups are also present. The investigation results of the kinetic regularities of heavy metals sorption under polymer components different ratios and ambient temperature are presented. It is established that the foam polymer sorbent consists of pores and cells with a membrane structure, which allows using it for effective sorption of polar and nonpolar compounds. The concentration of sorbed heavy metals was determined by UV-spectroscopic analysis. It is shown that the presence of a system of pores and cells allows the sorbate to diffuse into its more deeply located regions, as a result of which sorption occurs throughout the volume of the sorbent. Essentially, the foam polymer sorbents sorb the molecules by dissolving them on the surface of their membranes. A large variety of adsorption centers on the surface and in the bulk of the foam polymer causes a whole complex of sorbent-sorbate interactions, among which the Van der Waals interactions, dispersion interactions, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds are the main ones.
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