Nowadays, membrane technology has gaining popularity in biotechnology, food processing, water treatment, pharmaceutical and semiconductor industries. It been reported as a potential technique for separation due to their low-cost process, does not used many chemical and energy sufficient. However, there is less study about polysulfone (PSF) used as a polymer based in membrane filtration with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as additives in different molecular weight (Mw: 400, 600, 1500, and 4000 Da). Therefore, this study has been conducted to investigate the effect of different molecular weight of PEG in terms of thermal stability, hydrophilicity, and porosity. For methodology, PSF polymer was fabricated with PEG and Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) act as solvent via wet phase inversion method. The physical, thermal and chemical characterization were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and laboratory testing of contact angle, water uptake, and porosity. The result showed improvement in fabricated membranes hydrophilicity than pure membrane. PEG with high molecular weight demonstrated the higher membrane hydrophilicity, good thermal stability (38.40%), contact angle (54°), higher water uptake (385.23%), and higher porosity (82.72%). As conclusion, PSF with addition of the high molecular weight of PEG (PEG4000) can improve the performance of membrane filtration.
Conventional method for gold extraction using cyanide is not environmentally friendly and harmful to the environment. Thus, we investigate the potential of Shewanella oneidensis as bioleaching agent for gold extraction to replace the cyanide leaching process. The concentration of Fe (II) was determined via Ferrozine Assay method using Spectrophotometer, while the concentration of gold (Au) was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Some minerals such as pyrite, arsenopyrite, hematite, magnetite, and quartz were detected in the ore samples using XRD. The results show, S. oneidensis MR-1 was able to reduce Fe (III) to Fe (II) that can increase gold concentration. Gold concentrations were increased from 19 ppb to 28.5 ppb with 50% of percentage yield increased. In addition, the result shows hematite and magnetite in the samples was also reduced after bioleaching which might lead to the increasing amount of gold concentration. As a conclusion, S. oneidensis MR-1 was shown to be effective for bioleaching to improve gold extraction process.
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