This research work discusses the heat transfer improvement in a tractor radiator with nanosized particles of CuO with water as base fluid. The nano materials and its suspension in fluids as particles have been the subject of intensive study worldwide recently since pioneering researchers recently discovered the anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The engine cooling in heavy vehicles is an important factor for their performance in the intended application. Here, the tractor engine radiator cooling is enhanced by the nanofluid mechanism of heat transfer for its improved performance in agricultural work. Through the improvement of tractor engine cooling through the radiator a greater area can be ploughed and cultivated within a short time span. Heat transfer in automobiles is achieved through radiators. In this research work an experimental and numerical investigation for the improved heat transfer characteristics of a radiator using CuO/water nanofluid for 0.025 and 0.05% volume fraction is done with an inlet temp of 50°C to 60°C under the turbulent flow regime (8000 ≤ Re ≤ 25000). The overall heat transfer coefficient decreases with an increase in nanofluid inlet temperature of 50°C to 60°C. The experimental results of the heat transfer using the CuO nanofluid is compared with the numerical values. The results in this work suggest that the best heat transfer enhancement can be obtained compared with the base fluid by using a system with CuO/ water nanofluid-cooled radiators.
Grinding is a complex machining process with a lot of interactive parameters, which depend upon the grinding type and requirements of products. Surface roughness is a widely used index of product quality and in most cases it is considered as a technical requirement for mechanical product. In this paper, a neural network and fuzzy-based methodology are developed for predicting the surface roughness in a grinding process for work rolls used in cold rolling. This methodology predicts the most likely estimates of surface roughness along with lower and upper estimates using fuzzy numbers. The network model is trained using back-propagation algorithms. The initial training and testing dataset is identified on the basis of effect of a factor. The best possible network is chosen, with learning rate, number of neurons in hidden layer and error goals being decided automatically. A computer code was written in "C" language. The training and testing data are collected from carefully designed experiments. The validation of the methodology is carried out in a traverse cylindrical grinding machine in the Salem Steel Plant situated at Salem, India. The visual depiction of the training, testing and testing is presented. The validation of the methodology is carried out for grinding of alloy steel using a black carbide silicon grinding wheel. It is observed that the present methodology is able to make accurate predictions of surface roughness by utilizing small-sized training and testing datasets.
Rapid changes in the market place have led designers and manufacturers to continuously develop new products to satisfy the demands of more exigent customers. Therefore, to be competitive, designers and manufacturers have to perform those steps accurately to ensure final Product quality and manufacturing cost. So Product quality and manufacturing cost have a significant impact on Tolerance. A more scientific approach is often desirable for better performance to overcome this Tolerance problem. In this paper, Design and machining tolerances have been allocated based on optimum total machining cost. New global nonlinear optimization techniques called Pattern Search algorithm and Genetic algorithm have been implemented to find the optimal tolerance allocation and total cost. Finally with respect to total cost both the methods have been compared.
Su per charg ing is a pro cess which is used to im prove the per for mance of an en gine by in creas ing the spe cific power out put whereas ex haust gas recirculation re duces the NO x pro duced by en gine be cause of su per charg ing. In a con ven tional en gine, su per charger func tions as a com pres sor for the forced in duc tion of the charge taking me chan i cal power from the en gine crank shaft. In this study, su per charg ing is achieved us ing a jet com pres sor. In the jet com pres sor, the ex haust gas is used as the mo tive stream and the at mo spheric air as the pro pelled stream. When high pressure mo tive stream from the en gine ex haust is ex panded in the noz zle, a low pressure is cre ated at the noz zle exit. Due to this low pres sure, at mo spheric air is sucked into the ex pan sion cham ber of the com pres sor, where it is mixed and pres sur ized with the mo tive stream. The pres sure of the mixed stream is fur ther in creased in the di verg ing sec tion of the jet com pres sor. A per cent age vol ume of the pres sur ized air mix ture is then in ducted back into the en gine as su per charged air and the bal ance is let out as ex haust. This pro cess not only saves the me chan i cal power re quired for su per charg ing but also di lutes the con stit u ents of the en gine ex haust gas thereby reduc ing the emis sion and the noise level gen er ated from the en gine ex haust. The geomet ri cal de sign pa ram e ters of the jet com pres sor were ob tained by solv ing the govern ing equa tions us ing the method of con stant rate of mo men tum change. Us ing the the o ret i cal de sign pa ram e ters of the jet com pres sor, a computational fluid dinamics anal y sis us ing FLUENT soft ware was made to eval u ate the per for mance of the jet com pres sor for the ap pli ca tion of su per charg ing an IC en gine. This eval ua tion turned out to be an ef fi cient di ag nos tic tool for de ter min ing per for mance op timi za tion and de sign of the jet com pres sor. A jet com pres sor was also fab ri cated for the ap pli ca tion of su per charg ing and its per for mance was stud ied.
Even though the conventional method of supercharging and turbocharging of an internal combustion engine increases the engine specific power output, part of the shaft power developed by the engine is consumed by the superchargers. The control system that is present in both the chargers further complicates the system. This study proposes a novel method of forced induction in a diesel engine by using a jet compressor r'un by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This method apart from increasing the specific power output reduces the NOyfor-mation by the engine due to forced induction. Perfor'mance analysis of the jet compressor using exhaust gas as the motive stream and atmospheric air as the propelled stream was carried out. Using the standard available code, the governing equations were solved numerically to get the optimum operating conditions such as exhaust gas pressure, temperature, and flow rate for a three cylinder diesel engine. The dimensions of the jet compressor were determined by solving the energy balance equations obtained from the constant rate momentum change method. Using the commercial software FLUENT, the performance optimization of jet compressor used for forxed induction in a diesel engine was made for different percentage of EGR input and estimated the power output. From the results obtained, a performance map was dr'awn for the three cylinder diesel engine to get the optimum boost pressure and maximum entr-ainment ratio for a given percentage of exhaust gas recirculation and power output. Experiments were conducted on a three cylinder diesel engine fitted with a fabricated jet compressor with EGR used for forced induction application. Results obtained from the experiments were in good agreement with the numerical results obtained from fluent analysis.
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