Background. Currently, there are two main areas of study of the impact of a new coronavirus infection on mental processes: the first is in connection with the regime of self-isolation and restrictions in a pandemic; the second – with the impact of the pathological process itself and the post-covid syndrome on the central nervous system. The results of the studies indicate the relationship of this infection with local lesions of the brain and the corresponding disturbances in the functioning of mental processes.The aim of the research. To systematize and analyze the results of studies on the main routes of penetration of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into the central nervous system, cognitive and emotional disorders in people who have recovered from COVID-19, and to discuss the areas of psychological rehabilitation for this group of patients.Materials and methods. Information search was carried out using Internet resources (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, bmj.com, eLibrary.ru, frontiersin.org, sciencedirect. com, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), literature sources were analyzed for the period from May of 2020 to November of 2021 for the following keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, cognitive functions, cognitions, cognitive impairments, emotional dysfunction, affective dysfunction.Results. According to the analysis of the literature, most researchers identify the neurogenic pathway of SARS-CoV-2 penetration into the CNS, as well as penetration through the bloodstream or through cerebral lymphatic drainage, which are a possible cause of mental disorders of a neurological nature. Correction of these violations involves the creation of a comprehensive system of rehabilitation with the inclusion of psychotherapeutic methods.Conclusions. Despite the lack of a single picture describing the specifics of cognitive and affective symptoms in COVID-19, in the most general terms, there is a certain consensus. So, quite often, post-COVID cognitive symptoms are characterized by impaired memory and attention, and post-COVID affective symptoms are characterized by increased levels of anxiety, depression, and fatigue. The issues of diagnosis and correction of disorders in post-COVID syndrome and the admissibility of the existence of this diagnosis are still relevant.
Background. Smell disorder is a recognized clinical symptom of COVID-19 infection. The problem of the loss of sense of smell in the structure of COVID-19 pathogenesis during pregnancy remains unresolved. The aim of the study. To determine the sense of smell and taste in pregnant women with COVID-19, as well as to evaluate the relationship between the sense of smell and the number of SARS-CoV-2 genome equivalents in the nasopharyngeal secretion. Material and methods. In the case-control study, 121 pregnant women participated: 40 of them were infected with COVID-19; 81 were not infected with COVID-19 earlier and at the time of the study. The survey was conducted in July 2021. Sense of smell was assessed using the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) olfactory test, which includes olfactory threshold determination and odor identification assessment. Taste was measured according to the O. Massarelli method. Viral load was calculated using a standardized method for determining the numberof SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies in 1 ml of nasopharyngeal secretion. Results. The incidence of olfactory disorders (moderate / severe and anosmia) in pregnant women with COVID-19 is 62.5 % compared to 22.23 % among pregnant women who have never had COVID-19 (p = 0.002). No significant taste disorders were identified. The threshold value for the manifestation of olfactory disorders was 17794 RNA copies of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which corresponds to the 37th threshold cycle (Ct). Conclusion. During pregnancy in the acute phase of COVID-19, sense of smell is significantly impaired, but not sense of taste. Decreased sense of smell is associated with SARS-CoV-2 viral load.
Background. In modern society, the growth of the overweight and obese population increase every year. This confirms the status assigned to the problem under consideration as a non-infectious epidemic of the 21st century. At the same time, the amount of scientific information about the influence of excess weight on various aspects of human life is actively increasing. This undoubtedly requires a systematic generalization of the available data.Aims. The presented literature review is devoted to the analysis of modern scientific research on the specificity of cognitive impairment in overweight and obese people.Materials and methods. Information search was carried out using Internet resources (PubMed, Web of Science, eLibrary.ru, frontiersin.org, sciencedirect. com, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), literature sources were analyzed for the period from 2001 to 2020 for the following keywords: obesity, overweight, cognitive functions, cognitions, cognitive impairments.Results. As a result of the literature review, the main directions of research on the relationship between cognitive impairment and overweight, as well as the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and obesity, were identified. The specificity of diametrically opposed opinions within the framework of each consecrated trend is presented. According to the results of the analysis of the identified areas, in the scientific community the most common point of view is the presence of a connection between obesity and cognitive impairment. In this connection, the authors identified the main cognitive impairments associated with excess weight and their mediating mechanisms. And also the age specificity of the problem under study is indicated.Conclusions. Despite the fact that the problem of the relationship between obesity, overweight and cognitive functions is comprehensively studied, there is a shortage of data on the state of thinking, attention, praxis, gnosis, and speech in overweight people.
This article is devoted to the study of the features of the dynamics of speech function (using associative activity as an example) in the circadian cycle of children and adolescents with hypertension (HTN). The research aims to distinguish between various approaches to teaching them. All participants were divided into the following two groups: the main group comprising 62 patients with HTN; the control group of 62 mostly healthy children. Both groups were matched for gender and age and then investigated by daily monitoring of blood pressure (BP) and multiple (threefold) neuropsychological testing following A.R. Luria’s method in accordance with the conditional biorhythmological division of the day into three periods. Speech skills were assessed using C.G. Jung’s associative experiment. In the participants with HTN, a comparative analysis of the dynamics of speech function in the circadian rhythm was carried out, and its results revealed a clear relationship between arterial pressure rhythm disturbances and speech activity. It was demonstrated that either an insufficient or significant decrease in blood pressure is commonly accompanied by a disruption of the circadian rhythm of speech activity. The observed daily fluctuations in the speech activity of the participants with HTN indicated desynchronosis and the formation of an altered biorhythm type, which is inverted with respect to the normal circadian rhythm of speech. In the participants with HTN, there was a change in the daily profiles of speech activity (associative processes), with the formation of a pathological circadian rhythm and the deterioration of speech activity.
Обоснование. Ожирение и его осложнения у детей и подростков остаются одними из серьёзных проблем в XXI веке. Клинико-психологические исследования показывают, что ожирение может приводить к нарушениям эмоционального профиля у подростков. В настоящее время одним из факторов риска развития ожирения у детей считается влияние различных социально-демографических показателей. В связи с недостаточным изучением взаимосвязи социально-демографических и психологических параметров с ожирением у подростков мы изучили данную проблему. Цель. Установить социально-демографические и психологические факторы, связанные с ожирением в подростковом возрасте. Материалы и методы. В исследование поперечного дизайна включены 111 подростков с ожирением и 39 подростков с нормальной массой тела; возраст обследуемых составил 11-17 лет. Методом антропометрии и анкетирования изучали нарушения в эмоциональной сфере, пищевое поведение и социальнодемографические характеристики подростков. Результаты. Показано, что подростки с ожирением значительно чаще, чем подростки с нормальным весом, имеют второго неродного родителя (р = 0,002). Все подростки с нормальным весом имели внешкольные увлечения и посещали различные курсы (работа с репетиторами, изучение иностранных языков, курсы для подготовки к экзаменам), в то время как у подростков с ожирением этот показатель составил 75 % (p < 0,001). В нашем исследовании не выявлено отличий в группах подростков по занятиям спортом и продолжительности времени, проведённого у экрана. При изучении эмоционального состояния было показано, что среди подростков с ожирением выявлено большее число детей с заниженной самооценкой, в сравнении с группой контроля (р = 0,041). Показано, что депрессия у подростков с ожирением чаще (15,3 %) соответствует категории «тяжёлая», тогда как в группе контроля подростков с тяжёлой депрессией не было вообще. Заключение. Мы выявили, что школьники с ожирением -это подростки, проживающие в сводной семье, менее склонные к дополнительной образовательной деятельности. Нами были описаны эмоциональный профиль и расстройство пищевого поведения подростков с ожирением.
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