Differential selectivity of the direct arylation of indole with aryl halides under competing and noncompeting conditions with a varying set of reaction parameters was determined using phase trajectories. The results described herein allow for conclusions to be drawn regarding the character of active complexes (cationic, neutral, or anionic) as well as realization of the indole electrophilic substitution in the catalytic cycle using the ligand-free catalytic system.

Differential selectivity in the competitive Heck reaction with aromatic carboxylic anhydrides has been found to depend on the nature of both the cation and anion of a salt used as an additive for the catalytic system. This fact indicates that the anions present in the system are involved in active anionic species.

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