Using microradian X-ray diffraction, we investigated the crystal structure of convectively assembled colloidal photonic crystals over macroscopic (0.5 mm) distances. Through adaptation of Wilson's theory for X-ray diffraction, we show that certain types of line defects that are often observed in scanning electron microscopy images of the surface of these crystals are actually planar defects at 70.5 degrees angles with the substrate. The defects consist of two parallel hexagonal close-packed planes in otherwise face-centered cubic crystals. Our measurements indicate that these stacking faults cause at least 10% of stacking disorder, which has to be reduced to fabricate high-quality colloidal photonic crystals.

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The review article analyzes the existing world experience in the use of interferons IFN-α and -γ as well as drugs based on them in clinical veterinary practice in cattle and pigs. The selection of literary sources was carried out on the basis of their relevance and the depth of the research (search retrospectiveness is 30 years). It has been established that IFNs are widely used in the prevention and treatment of both infectious and non-infectious diseases, which can be divided into 3 groups: viral infections, oncological diseases, bacterial and aseptic diseases. The use of IFNs is due to their antiviral activity and immunoregulatory effect. Thus, IFN-α exhibits antiviral activity and is the first line of nonspecific immune defense, an inducer of IFN-γ synthesis and the main coordinator of the body's successful response to a viral infection. At the same time, IFN-γ provides immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory and mediated antibacterial action by stimulating the production of macrophages and participating in the differentiation of lymphocytes. Clinical efficacy is expressed in a decrease or cessation of the infectious process, a decrease in leukocytosis and neutrophilia, relief of acidotic syndrome, an increase in the body weight of animals and an improvement in the general clinical condition. Currently, IFN therapy is one of the most promising and constantly expanding areas of immunopharmacology and treatment of common respiratory, gastrointestinal, obstetric-gynecological diseases in farm animals.

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