Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US) are ideally suited for demonstrating urachal remnant diseases. A patent urachus is demonstrated at longitudinal US and occasionally at CT as a tubular connection between the anterosuperior aspect of the bladder and the umbilicus. An umbilical-urachal sinus manifests at US as a thickened tubular structure along the midline below the umbilicus. A vesicourachal diverticulum is usually discovered incidentally at axial CT, appearing as a midline cystic lesion just above the anterosuperior aspect of the bladder. At US, it manifests as an extraluminally protruding, fluid-filled sac that does not communicate with the umbilicus. Urachal cysts manifest at both modalities as a noncommunicating, fluid-filled cavity in the midline lower abdominal wall located just beneath the umbilicus or above the bladder. Both infected urachal cysts and urachal carcinomas commonly display increased echogenicity at US and thick-walled cystic or mixed attenuation at CT, making it difficult to differentiate between them. Percutaneous needle biopsy or fluid aspiration is usually needed for diagnosis and therapeutic planning. Nevertheless, CT and US can help identify most disease entities originating from the urachal remnant in the anterior abdominal wall. Understanding the anatomy and the imaging features of urachal remnant diseases is essential for correct diagnosis and proper management.

This Review offers a comprehensive review of the colloidal synthesis, mechanistic understanding, physicochemical properties, and applications of onedimensional (1D) metal nanostructures. After a brief introduction to the different types of 1D nanostructures, we discuss major concepts and methods typically involved in a colloidal synthesis of 1D metal nanostructures, as well as the current mechanistic understanding of how the nanostructures are formed. We then highlight how experimental studies and computational simulations have expanded our knowledge of how and why 1D metal nanostructures grow. Following specific examples of syntheses for monometallic, multimetallic, and heterostructured systems, we showcase how the unique structure− property relationships of 1D metal nanostructures have enabled a broad spectrum of applications, including sensing, imaging, plasmonics, photonics, display, thermal management, and catalysis. Throughout our discussion, we also offer perspectives with regard to the future directions of development for this class of nanomaterials.

No abstract

Shape-control is used to tune the properties of metal nanostructures in applications ranging from catalysts to touch screens, but the origins of anisotropic growth of metal nanocrystals in solution are unknown. We show single-crystal electrochemistry can test hypotheses for why nanostructures form and predict conditions for anisotropic growth by quantifying the degree to which different species cause facet-selective metal deposition. Electrochemical measurements show disruption of alkylamine monolayers by chloride ions causes facet-selective Cu deposition. An intermediate range of chloride concentrations maximizes facet-selective Cu deposition on single crystals and produces the highest aspect ratio nanowires in a solution-phase synthesis. DFT calculations similarly show an intermediate monolayer coverage of chloride displaces the alkylamine capping agent from the ends but not the sides of a nanowire, facilitating anisotropic growth.

No abstract

• The shear wave velocities (SWVs) are different between different ultrasound elastography machines • The SWVs are also different between different transducers and acquisition depths • Caution is needed when using the cutoff SWVs measured under different conditions.

The presence of hepatic subcapsular flow is useful for differentiating between BA and other causes of neonatal jaundice.

To assess the detection rate of nutcracker syndrome in children with isolated hematuria, renal Doppler ultrasound examinations were routinely performed on 216 consecutive children (176 microscopic hematuria and 40 gross hematuria). Renal Doppler ultrasound was also performed on 32 healthy normal children. The peak velocity (PV) was measured at the hilar portion of the left renal vein (LRV) and at the LRV between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. The PV at the aortomesenteric portion (P=0.003) and the PV ratios of the LRV (P=0.003) were significantly higher in children with hematuria than in normal children, while the PV at the hilar portion was not different. If a PV ratio of the LRV of at least 4.1 (the cut-off level set at the mean ±2 SD of the value for the normal children) was defined as abnormal, 72 cases (33.3%) in children with hematuria and no cases in normal children were diagnosed as having nutcracker syndrome. The prevalence of nutcracker syndrome is relatively high in children with isolated hematuria, and the inclusion of renal Doppler ultrasound as a screening examination has a substantial effect on the detection of nutcracker syndrome.