ABSTRACT. Gymnospermium microrrhynchum (Berberidaceae) is an ephemeral perennial herb with a limited distributional range in the Baekdudaegan mountain areas of the Korean Peninsula, and is designated a rare plant by the Korean Forest Service. Information about its genetic variation and structure is important for developing successful conservation strategies. To investigate the genetic variation within and among seven G. microrrhynchum populations, random amplified polymorphic DNA data were obtained for 207 individuals. The populations exhibited relatively low genetic diversity: the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) ranged from 32.1 to 66.7% (mean = 51.4%) and Nei's gene diversity (H E ) ranged from 0.116 to 0.248 (mean = 0.188). However, genetic diversity at the species level was relatively high (PPB = 98.7%, H E = 0.349). An analysis of molecular variance revealed high differentiation among populations (F ST = 0.6818), but the low gene flow value (N m = 0.117) suggests a low level of gene exchange occurs among populations. Principal coordinates analysis revealed that individuals were separated according to population. The high level of genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow among G. microrrhynchum populations, which resulted from their isolation in alpine areas after the Ice Age, indicates that it is essential to protect and manage all populations, rather than focus on specific populations, in order to maintain the genetic diversity of this species.

This study was conducted to find out characterization of spatial distribution of birds observed in river areas. Our bird survey was carried out 4 times at 31 sites from January to September in 2011. A total of 1,609 accumulated individuals belonging to 59 species, 28 families and 11 orders were observed. In the result of spatial autocorrelation analysis using the richness index of the maximum counts of each sites, we confirmed that the distribution of birds in Namdaecheon river was clustered and the tendency of spatial autocorrelation was apparent. The area of each sites within a 200m radius was classified in four biotope categories such as agricultural land, forest, residential area and water area, and the spatial autocorrelation was analysed about four types. In the result of spatial autocorrelation analysis for four biotope categories, all types were showed the positive spatial autocorrelation, but the type of water area was higher than other types. The positive correlation was found between the water area and water birds in statistical significance. However, the forest birds had non-significance values. Therefore, it is appropriate to focus on water birds except for forest birds, when researches of bird distribution in river ecosystem is conducted. The number of bird species and individuals increased as the riverside of water area was to widen. Thus, if the areas of riverside offering the feeding and roosting area increase, it will be accommodated many birds. Also, the areas of riverside should be maintained naturally because it is an important habitats of birds. Our study area is on the outskirts the city of higher rates of

Phytosociological investigation of the Afforest vegetation was carried out in Okgu‐park and Siheung buffer forest zone at the period of from April to June 2011 by line transect method and Braun‐Blanquet's method. The list of vascular plant identified in these investigation were 42 families, 77 genera, 84 species 10 varieties and summing up to 94 kinds total. As a result the major forest vegetation was classified into Pinus thunbergii communities, Pinus rigida communities, Sophora japonica communities, Koelreuteria paniculata communities. The species composition of insect over each result from Green Buffer Zone in Siheung‐si was a total of 6 orders, 20 families, 38 species including 1 Endermic species and 50 Designated species; 18 species of family Hemiptera which is the highest and 16 species of family Coleoptera. Site 3 had the highest indices diversity. In contrast, Site 1 indices diversity, different from the other survey points, were significantly low. In each survey period, dominant species was Onthophagus (Phanaeomorphus) fodiens and Aelia fieberi. This study was intented to understand the insect diversity and forest in Okgu‐park and Siheung buffer forest zone, and provide data and information required to preserve living creatures and geological management, and basic information for the management and preservation policies.

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