To discuss all relevant considerations for harvesting, culture, differentiation and phenotypic characterization of ADSCs, to provide a comprehensive roadmap of this process, to identify the differences between ADSCs obtained from various adipose tissues of the rat, and to provide FT-IR spectroscopy marker bands that could be used as fingerprints to differentiate the types of adipose tissues.
The evolutionarily conserved Hox family of homeodomain transcription factors
plays fundamental roles in regulating cell specification along the anterior
posterior axis during development of all bilaterian animals by controlling cell
fate choices in a highly localized, extracellular signal and cell context
dependent manner. Some studies have established downstream target genes in
specific systems but their identification is insufficient to explain either the
ability of Hox genes to direct homeotic transformations or the
breadth of their patterning potential. To begin delineating Hox
gene function in neural development we used a mouse ES cell based system that
combines efficient neural differentiation with inducible Hoxb1 expression. Gene
expression profiling suggested that Hoxb1 acted as both
activator and repressor in the short term but predominantly as a repressor in
the long run. Activated and repressed genes segregated in distinct processes
suggesting that, in the context examined, Hoxb1 blocked
differentiation while activating genes related to early developmental processes,
wnt and cell surface receptor linked signal transduction and cell-to-cell
communication. To further elucidate aspects of Hoxb1 function
we used loss and gain of function approaches in the mouse and chick embryos. We
show that Hoxb1 acts as an activator to establish the full expression domain of
CRABPI and II in rhombomere 4 and as a
repressor to restrict expression of Lhx5 and
Lhx9. Thus the Hoxb1 patterning activity
includes the regulation of the cellular response to retinoic acid and the delay
of the expression of genes that commit cells to neural differentiation. The
results of this study show that ES neural differentiation and inducible
Hox gene expression can be used as a sensitive model system
to systematically identify Hox novel target genes, delineate
their interactions with signaling pathways in dictating cell fate and define the
extent of functional overlap among different Hox genes.
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