Short-term load forecasting is a key task for planning and stability of the current and future distribution grid, as it can significantly contribute to the management of energy market for ancillary services. In this paper we introduce the beneficial properties of applications of sparse representation and corresponding dictionary learning to the net load forecasting problem on a substation level. In this context, sparse representation theory can provide parsimonial predictive models, which become attractive mainly due to their ability to successfully model the input space in a self-learning manner, by interacting between theory, algorithms, and applications. Several techniques are implemented, incorporating numerous dictionary learning and sparse decomposition algorithms, and a hierarchical structured model is proposed. The concept of sparsity in each case is embedded throughout the utilization of different regularization forms which include the 0 , 1 , 2 and tree 0 norms. The observed superiority of the proposed theory, especially the one which embeds the atoms and corresponding coefficients in a tree structure, stems from the construction of the dictionary so as to represent efficiently the ambient electricity signal space and the consequent extraction of sparse basis-vectors. The performance of each model is evaluated using real hourly load measurements from a high voltage/medium voltage (HV/MV) substation and compared with that of widely used machine learning methods. The provided analytical results, verify the effectiveness of hierarchical sparse representation in short-term load forecasting applications, in terms of common accuracy indices.INDEX TERMS Generative models, hierarchical dictionaries, load forecasting, power grid, sparse representation.
The field of automatic collision avoidance for surface vessels has been an active field of research in recent years, aiming for the decision support of officers in conventional vessels, or for the creation of autonomous vessel controllers. In this paper, the multi-ship control problem is addressed using a model predictive controller (MPC) that makes use of obstacle ship trajectory prediction models built on the RBF framework and is trained on real AIS data sourced from an open-source database. The usage of such sophisticated trajectory prediction models enables the controller to correctly infer the existence of a collision risk and apply evasive control actions in a timely manner, thus accounting for the slow dynamics of a large vessel, such as container ships, and enhancing the cooperation between controlled vessels. The proposed method is evaluated on a real-life case from the Miami port area, and its generated trajectories are assessed in terms of safety, economy, and COLREG compliance by comparison with an identical MPC controller utilizing straight-line predictions for the obstacle vessel.
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