This study, in two parts, reviews the evidence from Pompeii for the production and distribution of pottery. Part 1 (AJA 113 [2009] 57-79) considers the production of pottery. Part 2, the present article, examines the ma terial basis for pottery production at Pompeii (i.e., the availability and use of the raw materials) and its distri bution. A consideration of the raw materials for pottery production available in the greater Pompeii region and the compositional characteristics of pottery from Pompeii permit some general observations about where these vessels were likely manufactured. While a large portion was probably produced at or near Pompeii, substantial numbers of vessels, including thin-walled wares, lamps, and amphoras, were probably manufactured elsewhere in the region. Non-amphora pottery was probably distrib uted to consumers at Pompeii by three methods: sale at the workshop, sale at a shop, and sale by a peddler. Some classes of non-amphora pottery imported from outside the region are abundant enough to suggest that they reached Pompeii via regularly functioning distribution mechanisms involving middleman merchants and/or the captains/crews of merchant ships. Other classes of imported non-amphora pottery that occur in only small quantities probably arrived via less regular mechanisms. Wine and fish products originating in the territory of Pompeii were probably packaged in amphoras at facilities located along the coast, and newly manufactured ampho ras were probably transported to these establishments for filling from production facilities elsewhere. Pompeii may well be anomalous for the large portion of its pottery that was manufactured beyond the immediate environs of the town.* * The information regarding the use of raw materials among traditional potters in Campania was collected by J. Theodore Pefia in the course of a grant held through the USIA Exchange Grant program while he was a member of the faculty of the University at Albany, SUNY. He undertook the neutron activation analysis (NAA) of the clays collected as part of this work while holding a postdoctoral fellowship in archaeological materials analysis at the Smithsonian Insti tution's Conservation Analytical Laboratory under the super vision of M.James Blackman and Pamela Vandiver, to whom he would like to express his appreciation for their support. He would also like to express his appreciation for generous assistance provided by the staff of the Map Library at the Uni versity of Michigan's Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library, and the staff of the John Miller Burnam Classical Library at the University of Cincinnati. Myles McCallum would like to thank Christopher Parslow for providing unpublished photographs of a deposit of Sch?ne 6 table amphoras recovered in exca vations carried out under his direction at the Praedia Iuliae
This study, in two parts, reviews the evidence from Pompeii for the production and distribution of pottery. * J. Theodore Pena would like to express his appreciation for the assistance of the Interlibrary Loan Department at the University at Buffalo's Lockwood Library for providing a large portion of the works that he consulted in writing his portions of this article, to Rex Wallace for providing insight into vari ous aspects of CIL 4 10150, and to Massimo Betello for pro viding several bibliographical references. Myles McCallum would like to thank Gary Devore and Steven Ellis for permis sion to publish the two mold fragments from the Porta Stabia Project excavations discussed in this article. All translations are by Peha. 1 For a brief overview of pottery production at Pompeii, see Bon-Harper 1999. 2 This study does not generally take into consideration the evidence for the production and distribution of architectural ceramics, opus doliare (i.e., dolia and mortaria), or terracotta sculpture. 3 The term "pottery production facility" refers to the place where pottery was manufactured, including the various struc tures and facilities involved in the production process.
The relative relationship of Holocene climate change, human cultures, and landscape evolution is unclear. However, palaeoecological and archaeological records, suggest that both have played an important role, acting in combination to varying degrees through time, to affect landscape dynamics. The country straddling the Puglia and Basilicata border region in southern Italy (the Mezzogiorno) is a landscape particularly sensitive to erosional processes, and provides an ideal area where these relationships can be studied. In addition, the affects of climate change in this area are magnified by poor land use practices that are being applied to an unstable, and easily erodible, surface geology. Moreover recent palaeoecological and archaeological research in this hilly country is also providing vital information regarding the role of climate and people in landscape dynamics. Four summers of preliminary research with a team consisting of a paleoecologist/geomorphologist, archaeologist, and a dendroclimatologist, has begun reconstruction of a full Holocene climate history from the records of alluvial erosion/deposition, spring discharge, and soil formation. These will aid in determing how climate, and human demography in the Puglia/Basilicata region relate to landscape dynamics. Archaeological surveys have already mapped the varying spatial distribution of cultural materials, providing an assessment of where people lived, population sizes, and their activities during the Holocene. Numerous dated erosion/deposition sequences in alluvium and valley terrace exposures along the Basentello/Bradano River valley detail the regional record of erosional cycles. Dated spring discharge events are beginning to record groundwater recharge linked either to climate, or to deforestation. In addition, dated soil formation episodes are evidence episodes of ground surface stability. A macrophysical climate model of local past effective precipitation is being used to reconstruct cycles of past erosion. These understandings are being used to predict future outcomes of global climate change.
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