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G Model No. of Pages 7 Revista Brasileira de Entomologia xxx (2015) xxx-xxx w w w . r b e n t o m o l o g i a . c o m a b s t r a c tThis study reviewed the data on the Brazilian Ephemeroptera, based on the studies published before July, 2013, estimated the number of species still to be described, and identified which regions of the country have been the subject of least research. More than half the species are known from the description of only one developmental stage, with imagoes being described more frequently than nymphs. The Brazilian Northeast is the region with the weakest database. Body size affected description rates, with a strong tendency for the larger species to be described first. The estimated number of unknown Brazilian species was accentuated by the fact that so few species have been described so far. The steep slope of the asymptote and the considerable confidence interval of the estimate reinforce the conclusion that a large number of species are still to be described. This emphasizes the need for investments in the training of specialists in systematics and ecology for all regions of Brazil to correct these deficiencies, given the role of published papers as a primary source of information, and the fundamental importance of taxonomic knowledge for the development of effective measures for the conservation of ephemeropteran and the aquatic ecosystems they depend on.

The present study evaluated the potential for the reduction of sampling effort in studies of ephemeropteran nymphs in Brazilian Amazon streams, Pará State, Brazil, without the loss of ecological information (species composition, abundance, and richness), and the congruence of different levels of taxonomic resolution (morphospecies, genus, family and functional group). Test groups of 15, 10 and five subsamples were selected from the 20 subsamples collected per stream (40 streams sampled), and were compared in terms of their species richness and abundance (ANOVA), and composition (Procrustes). Taxonomic resolution was also analyzed in Procrustes. Species abundance (F (3, 156) = 25.426; p < 0.001) and richness (F (3, 156) = 13.866, p < 0.001) varied significantly among sample groups, while the results of the 15-S group were statistically similar, in both cases, to those of the 20-S group. A similar pattern was found for species composition. The genus-level taxonomic resolution produced results 99% similar to those found for the species-level data. The results indicate that the reduction in sampling effort from 20 to 15 subsamples per site and a genus-level taxonomic resolution would not affect the reliability of analyses significantly. A reduction of five samples per site would result in a decrease of effort in the field and the amount of material to be processed, reducing laboratory time. In addition to a reduction in the time and resources needed to identify specimens, the adoption of a genus-level taxonomic resolution could help minimize errors of under-or over-estimation in the processing of the results. Estudos ecológicos com Ephemeroptera (Insecta): O esforço amostral pode ser reduzido sem perder informações ecológicas e taxonômicas?RESUMO O presente estudo avalia o potencial para redução do esforço amostral em estudos com ninfas de Ephemeroptera em igarapés amazônicos, no estado do Pará, Brasil, sem perder informações ecológicas (composição de espécies, abundância e riqueza), além de verificar se existe congruência entre diferentes níveis de resolução taxonômica (morfoespécie, gênero, família e grupo funcional). Grupos reduzidos de 15, 10 e cinco subamostras de um controle de 20 amostras de cada um dos 40 igarapés amostrados, foram comparados quanto a riqueza de táxons e abundância (ANOVA) e composição (Procrustes). A resolução taxonômica também foi avaliada através do Procrustes. A abundância (F (3, 156) = 25.426; p < 0.001) e riqueza (F (3, 156) = 13.866, p < 0.001) variaram significativamente entre os grupos de amostras, porém, os resultados tanto de riqueza quanto de abundância dos grupos 15-S foram estatisticamente similares ao de 20-S. O mesmo padrão foi encontrado para riqueza de espécies. A resolução taxonômica a nível de gênero obteve 99% de congruência com a de morfoespécie. Esses resultados indicam que a diminuição de 20 subamostras para 15, e a redução da identificação de morfoespécie para gênero não afetaria a significância das análises. A redução de cinco amostras por local de coleta poderia res...

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1. Environmental changes are increasingly frequent, resulting in adverse impacts on biodiversity. These effects are more harmful when superimposed on areas of high biodiversity such as the Amazon region, in which the gaps in knowledge of the number of existing species and how they are distributed. This article reviews the known geographical distributions of Ephemeroptera in theBrazilian Amazon based on the current uneven sampling effort to identify which species and biodiversity hotspots are poorly protected, and where more work is required to address the conservation needs of this group.3. A sampling effort index was created to identify which areas have the highest potential mayfly richness and the greatest concentration of knowledge gaps. The mayfly records were combined with environmental variables to generate predictive models of the areas suitable for mayflies using species distribution modelling, and species that lack protection in conservation units and indigenous territories were indicated as priorities for future inventories. Caenis pflugfelderi, Microphlebia surinamensis, Tricorythopsis pseudogibbus and Tricorythodes sp. nov.were identified as threatened in the Brazilian Amazon given that they were recorded in an unprotected area of intense land use with a restricted potential distribution.4. Mayflies have been recorded in only 5% of the Brazilian Amazon biome. The model indicated a greater diversity in the northern and north-eastern Amazon.The sampling effort index indicated a total area of 46,225 km 2 in mayfly biodiversity not protected by conservation units or indigenous territories.5. This study raises awareness of the importance of intensifying studies of Ephemeroptera in the Brazilian Amazon, and demonstrates that the conservation units or indigenous territories do not protect many species.

1. Cloeon dipterum is one of the rare exotic aquatic insect species found in the American continent. The species was recently introduced to Argentina. Apart from a few recent records concentrated in a small area in Argentina, there are no data available on its distribution on the continent. Using modelling techniques, we predicted for the first time the current and future areas of high invasion risk in South America.2. We produced species distribution models (SDMs) using six algorithms and based on 4672 occurrences and 20 environmental variables for both current conditions and future scenarios (GCMs: CanESM5 and MIROC6/SSPs: 2-4.5 and 5-8.5).3. The models predicted two large contiguous areas of high suitability and stability over time in all future forecasts (Paraná and coastal pathways), both of which are connected to the colonised area in Argentina and extend to Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil. The models also identified two potential new areas for introduction, Patagonia (Chile and Argentina) and the northeast of Brazil. However, introduction is considered unlikely in the highly suitable area in the Brazilian Northeast due to the lack of connectivity with donor areas. Models provide specific regions that can be used to detect colonisation expansion and improve our ability to implement measures to prevent introduction. 4. Our results provide evidence that C. dipterum will be a long-term element of South American diversity. Its persistence in distinctive climatic scenarios may pose a threat to resident controphic species, such as Callibaetis.

A major challenge in using recovery techniques, for the different natural ecosystems affected by mining, is a mutual relationship between the habitat and its biota response. This study aimed to do a review to identify the number of publications, which countries are publishing more and which recovery techniques and taxonomic group are used in mining areas globally have contributed to the maintenance or recovery of the environment. We reviewed the literature on recovery in mining areas worldwide, between 1994 and 2016, using the Web of Science online database. We identified 9,000 publications, after the selection procedures, we analyzed the 467 remaining manuscripts. Of these, 34.26% were published between 1994 and 2004, and 65.74% between 2006 and 2016. The countries that contributed the most were the USA with 16.45%, Australia with 13.56% and China with 8.66%. Brazil contributed 6.9% of the publications. The recovery techniques using vegetation were the most reported in the literature and most used. The taxonomic group of terrestrial plants was the most cited and most used in the recovery of degraded areas. We found various techniques for recovering degraded areas can be established, but most of them did not show proper monitoring and without this the recovery processes may not achieve their objectives and studies that test the effect size of these recovery methods are still necessary.