Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the main food crop on a global scale, in the growth and stabilisation of yields, of which varietal resources are a significant factor. In practical breeding work, an essential role is played by a variety of thoroughly investigated source material. The purpose of this study was to determine hypothetical and true heterosis and establish the nature of inheritance of the number of grains from the main ear in hybrids of soft winter wheat. In 2018-2020, 45 combinations of cross-breeding of soft winter wheat varieties obtained from hybridisation of different growing season periods were investigated in the experimental field of the Research and Production Centre of the Belotserkovskyi National Agrarian University. Generally accepted methods were used to determine the hypothetical and true heterosis and the degree of phenotypic dominance by the number of grains in the main ear. Studies indicate that the number of grains in the ear of the main stem of the parent components of hybridisation is determined by genotype and considerably depends on the hydrothermal conditions of the year. The author of this paper established the influence of maternal cytoplasm on the manifestation of the trait under study. Thus, when used in hybridisation of early-maturing varieties with the mother form, the largest average number of grains in the main ear for hybrids (63.3 pcs.) was formed in 2019. At the same time, for the use of medium-early, medium maturing, and medium-late varieties in hybridisation, the maximum number of grains (64.8 pcs.) was marked in 2018. Therewith, all hybrids formed the minimum number of grains in 2020. The obtained experimental data indicate the influence of parental genotypes and year conditions on heterosis indicators and the degree of phenotypic dominance in first-generation hybrids. It is determined that the most common type of inheritance (85.6%) of the number of grains from the main ear is positive overdomination. Practical value for the selection of soft winter wheat are the selected cross-breeding combinations: Myronivska early / Zolotokolosa, Myronivska early / Cherniava, Bilotserkivska semi-dwarf / Cherniava, Bilotserkivska semi-dwarf / Antonivka, Kolchuha / Antonivka, Zolotokolosa / Charniava, Zolotokolosa / Yednist, Cherniava / Vidrada, Cherniava / Stolychna, Shchedra Nyva / Dobirna, Antonivka / Stolychna, Dobirna / Pyvna, which significantly exceeded the average number of grains from the main ear for F1 in the changing fields under hydrothermal conditions the years of research
Ìåòà. Âèçíà÷èòè ïàðàìåòðè àäàïòèâíîñò³ ïøåíèö³ ì'ÿêî¿ îçèìî¿ çà äîâaeèíîþ ñòåáëà, âèÿâèòè çâ'ÿçîê äîâaeèíè ñòåáëà ç åëåìåíòàìè ñòðóêòóðè âðîaeàéíîñò³. Ìåòîäèêà. Ó 2011-2013 ðð. äîñë³äaeóâàëè 11 ñåëåêö³éíèõ íîìåð³â ïøåíèö³ ì'ÿêî¿ îçèìî¿ êîíêóðñíîãî âèïðîáóâàííÿ Á³ëîöåðê³âñüêî¿ äîñë³äíî-ñåëåêö³éíî¿ ñòàíö³¿. Ïàðàìåòðè àäàïòèâíîñò³ çà äîâaeèíîþ ñòåáëà ðîçðàõîâóâàëè çà çàãàëüíîïðèéíÿòèìè ìåòîäèêàìè. Äëÿ óçàãàëüíåíî¿ îö³íêè âèêîðèñòîâóâàëè ïîêàçíèê «ðåéòèíã àäàï-òèâíîñò³». óäðîòåðì³÷í³ óìîâè ðîê³â äîñë³äaeåíü çíà÷íî âïëèíóëè íà ð³ñò ³ ðîçâèòîê ðîñëèí ïøåíèö³ îçèìî¿ âïðîäîâae îíòîãåíåçó. Ðåçóëüòàòè. Êîåô³ö³ºíò âàð³àö³¿ äîâaeèíè ñòåáëà ó ñåðåäíüîðîñëèõ ôîðì (V = 20,5 %) ïåðåâèùóâàâ öåé ïîêàçíèê ó íà-ï³âêàðëèê³â (14,8 %). Íà ôîðìóâàííÿ äîâaeèíè ñòåáëà ó äîñë³äaeóâàíèõ ãåíîòèï³â íàé-á³ëüøèé âïëèâ ìàþòü óìîâè ðîêó: 68,04 % ó íàï³âêàðëèê³â, 83,30 % ó ñåðåäíüîðîñëèõ ôîðì. Çà ïîêàçíèêîì ãîìåîñòàòè÷íîñò³ ó ãðóï³ íàï³âêàðëèê³â âèä³ëèëèñü íîìåðè 26 ÊÑ ³ 44 ÊÑ, à ñåðåä ñåðåäíüîðîñëèõ -29 ÊÑ, 12 ÊÑ, 42 ÊÑ ³ 54 ÊÑ. Çà ñåëåêö³éíîþ ö³íí³ñòþ âñ³ äîñë³äaeóâàí³ íàï³âêàðëèêîâ³ ñåëåêö³éí³ íîìåðè ïåðåâèùèëè ñòàíäàðò Á³ëîöåðê³âñüêà íàï³âêàðëèêîâà, à ó ãðóï³ ñåðåäíüîðîñëèõ ñòàíäàðòàì Ïåðëèíà ˳ñîñòåïó òà Ïîäîëÿíêà ïîñòóïàëèñÿ ëèøå 7 ÊÑ ³ 8 ÊÑ. Çà çàãàëüíîþ àäàïòèâíîþ çäàòí³ñòþ ïîð³âíÿíî ç³ ñòàíäàðòàìè âèä³ëèëèñÿ íàï³âêàðëèêè 24 ÊÑ, 22 ÊÑ ³ 44 ÊÑ ³ ñåðåäíüîðîñë³ ãåíîòèïè 42 ÊÑ, 29 ÊÑ, 54 ÊÑ ³ 12 ÊÑ. Ïîêàçíèêè ñåëåêö³éíî¿ ö³ííîñò³ ãåíîòèïó âèù³ çà ñòàíäàðò ìàëè âñ³ íàï³âêàðëèêè, à ñåðåä ñåðåäíüîðîñëèõ ãåíîòè-ï³â ïåðåâèùèëè ñòàíäàðòè íîìåðè 29 ÊÑ, 42 ÊÑ, 12 ÊÑ ³ 54 ÊÑ. Îö³íêà ñåëåêö³éíèõ íîìåð³â ïøåíèö³ ì'ÿêî¿ îçèìî¿ çà îêðåìèìè ïàðàìåòðàìè ïëàñòè÷íîñò³ ³ ñòàá³ëü-íîñò³ çàñâ³ä÷èëà ¿õ ð³çíó ðåàêö³þ íà çì³íó óìîâ âèðîùóâàííÿ çà äîâaeèíîþ ñòåáëà, à â³äòàê ³ ¿õ ð³çíó ö³íí³ñòü ó ñåëåêö³¿ íà àäàïòèâí³ñòü. Âèñíîâêè. Äîâaeèíà ñòåáëà ïøå-íèö³ ì'ÿêî¿ îçèìî¿ ìຠçíà÷íèé âïëèâ íà ôîðìóâàííÿ åëåìåíò³â ñòðóêòóðè âðîaeàé-íîñò³ â óìîâàõ ˳ñîñòåïó Óêðà¿íè, ùî ï³äòâåðäaeóºòüñÿ êîåô³ö³ºíòàìè êîðåëÿö³¿. Íà ôîðìóâàííÿ äîâaeèíè ñòåáëà ó äîñë³äaeóâàíèõ ãåíîòèï³â íàéá³ëüøå âïëèâàëè óìîâè ðîêó. Ó ðåéòèíãó àäàïòèâíîñò³ çà äîâaeèíîþ ñòåáëà ïåðøå ì³ñöå ñåðåä íàï³âêàðëè-ê³â ïîñ³â ñåëåêö³éíèé íîìåð 44 ÊÑ (ë³ñîñòåïîâèé åêîòèï / ë³ñîñòåïîâèé åêîòèï), à ó ãðóï³ ñåðåäíüîðîñëèõ ãåíîòèï³â -42 ÊÑ (ñòåïîâèé åêîòèï / ë³ñîñòåïîâèé åêîòèï). ¯õ ðåêîìåíäîâàíî âèêîðèñòîâóâàòè ÿê âèõ³äíèé ìàòåð³àë ó ñåëåêö³éíèõ ïðîãðàìàõ äëÿ ï³äâèùåííÿ àäàïòèâíîãî ïîòåíö³àëó ïøåíèö³ ì'ÿêî¿ îçèìî¿ â óìîâàõ ë³ñîñòåïîâî¿ çîíè Óêðà¿íè. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ïøåíèöÿ ì'ÿêà îçèìà, ñåëåêö³éíèé íîìåð, åêîòèï, äîâaeèíà ñòåáëà, êîðåëÿö³éíèé çâ'ÿçîê, ïàðàìåòðè àäàïòèâíîñò³, ðåéòèíã àäàïòèâíîñò³ ñîðòóВступ. Важливим фактором зростання і стабілізації врожайності сільськогосподарських культур, особливо у несприятливих умовах, є не лише створення і впровадження у виробництво сортів і гібридів з високим потенціалом урожайності, а й підвищення їх екологічної стійкості.
In 2011-2017, the competitive testing breeding units of soft winter wheat selected at the Bila Tserkva Research Selection Station of the Institute of Bioenergetic Crops and Sugar Beet of NAAS by hybridizing various ecotypes were examined. The aim of the research was to determine the reaction norm and parameters of adaptability by the number of grains in the spike ear under changing growing environment in selection winter wheat numbers. Of equal importance was to establish the correlation of the ear grain productivity and the yield structure elements. Hydrothermal conditions in the research years were contrasting and significantly influenced the growth and development of wheat plants during ontogenesis. The research revealed a direct correlation between the number of grains in the spike and the grain yield leveled as a strong one (r = 0.702 ... 0.866) in 2011 and 2012 and as a significant (r = 0.668) in the most unfavorable 2013. The reduced correlation relationships are indicative of the extremely important importance of the grain production in the spike in soft winter wheat yield formation under conditions of the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. We have established a direct close correlation between the number of grains in the spike and the number of grains in the crop, between the head ear grain weight and the crop weight, crop aboveground weight, main stem weight and the spike weight. On average for three years, breeding numbers 24 KS (42.6 pcs.) and 54 KS (40.7 pcs.) had significantly higher grain yields in the spike than that of is the best standard of Bila Tserkva semidwarf (35.6 pcs) . On average for the experiment coefficient of variation (13.9 %), its variability was 1.0–28.7 %, indicating a different reaction of the tested genotypes to the environmental conditions by the number of grains from the spike. Insignificant variation of the spike grain productivity (0.6–4.9 pcs) and low variation coefficients (V = 1.0–6.6 %) are indicated in the selection numbers 26 KS, 22 KS and 42 KS. In this case, genotypes 22 KS and 42 KS had higher than the standard and average for the experiment number of grains in the spike. The results of the dispersion analysis indicate that the interaction of genotype and the year conditions factors had the greatest impact (53.96 %) on the variability of grains number in the spike. At the same time, the share of variability predermined by the genotype influenced the spike grains formation by 31.02 %, and the conditions of the year influenced only by 7.90 %. Indicator of homeostatic standards (Hom = 158.97-347.13) exceeded the three breeding numbers: 26 KS (Hom = 2972.19), 22 KS (Hom = 724.23) and 42 KS (Hom = 558.67). By the breeding value the standards (Sc = 21.83–27.94) were dominated by the following: 22 KS (Sc = 34.27), 42 KS (Sc = 32.49), 54 KS (Sc = 32.20), 24 KS (Sc = 30.62), 26 KS (Sc = 29.54), 8 KS (Sc = 28.76) and 29 KS (Sc = 28.26). High indicators of ZAZ by the number of grains from the spike as compared with the standards (ZAZ = 52.46) were typical of the following breeding numbers 24 KS (ZAZ = 67.99), 54 KS (ZAZ = 58.29), 22 KS (ZAZ = 54.69), 44 KS (ZAZ = 53.99) and 42 KS (ZAZ = 52.86). The genotype breeding value indicator by the number of grains in the spike, exceeded the standard variety of the Forest-steppe Pearl (GBV = 22,10) for their breeding value: numbers 22 KS (GBV = 31.44), 26 KS (GBV = 29.00), 42 KS (GBV = 28.60) and 54 KSCOP (GBV = 22.69). The breeding number 22 KS (steppe ecotype / US) is the first in the variety adaptability rate. Breeding numbers 42 KS, 54 KS and 24 KS, which optimally combined indicators of the grains number in the spike and adaptability parameters rate from the second to fourth in the varieties adaptability rate. Conclusions and further research prospects. 1. Grains number in the spike has a significant impact on the winter wheat spike productivity formation under conditions of the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. 2. Detection of correlation between quantitative signs engaged in yields formation enables to set the model parameters for further genotypes in future varieties. 3. The dispersion analysis has established that the variability of the grains number in the spike was mostly conditioned (53.96 %) by the interaction of factors of the genotype and the year conditions. At the same time, the share of variability predetermined by the genotype was 31.02 %, and the effect of the year was only 7.90 %. 4. Breeding numbers 22 KS (steppe ecotype / USA), 42 KS (steppe ecotype / forest-steppe ecotype) and 54 KS (forest-steppe ecotype / forest-steppe ecotype) hold high positions in the variety adaptability rate by the grains number in the spike. We included the soft winter wheat breeding numbers 22 KS, 42 KS and 54 KS with the optimal combination of the grains number in the spike and the parameters of plasticity and stability, allocated on the basis of the research results into further selective work for setting the source material and varieties with a high level of productivity and adaptability to the conditions of the Forest-steppe of Ukraine. Key words: soft winter wheat, breeding numbers, ecotypes, number of grains, spike, correlation relationships, adaptability parameters, adaptation rating.
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