Проаналізовано сучасний стан теплової енергетики України, яка через значну зношеність технологічного обладнання та величезні викиди шкідливих речовин в атмосферне повітря, а також нестачу маневрових потужностей, перебуває у критичному стані. Основними шкідливими речовинами, які об'єкти теплової енергетики викидають в атмосферне повітря, є тверді частинки (зола), оксиди сірки, оксиди вуглецю та азоту. Показано, що джерелом утворення деяких з них є атмосферний азот, реакція утворення оксидів якого є ендотермічною, що окрім всього знижує температуру продуктів згоряння та впливає на ефективність традиційного процесу парової генерації електричної енергії. Виявлено, що в енергетиці України широко не використовується газовий цикл генерації електричної енергії. В Україні запропоновано схеми комбінованих парогазотурбінних енергетичних установок, газова частина яких може працювати на продуктах газифікації низькоякісного кам'яного вугілля. Для підвищення ефективного спалювання запропоновано подавати на спалювання органічного палива атмосферне повітря, збагачене киснем, для чого рекомендовано використовувати мембранні технології. Для енергоблоку 200 МВт з котлом ТП-100 під час спалювання вугілля марки Г Львівсько-Волинського басейну проведено розрахунки необхідного вугільного пилу, необхідної кількості атмосферного повітря для його спалювання та об'єму димових газів. Зі збільшенням кисню до 40 %-у повітрі, яке подається на спалювання, об'єм димових газів може зменшитися на величину до 20 % відн. Ключові слова: паровий та газовий цикл генерації; двохстадійне спалювання вугілля; додаткова топка; мембранні технології розділення повітря; парогазотурбінна установка; маневреність та мобільність вугільних блоків; екологічна безпека.
The aim of the paper is to assess dynamics of water quality in four main recreational areas in Kharkiv and to develop recommendations for water quality improvement. Methods. Field and laboratory methods and analytical data processing. Results. The paper presents analysis of dynamics in water quality for four main recreational areas located in Kharkiv: Zhuravlevskiy Hydropark, Oleksiivskiy Lugopark, Udyanskiy Hydropark and Osnovyanske Lake. Period of study: 2006-2020, time: May-June and August-September. Average data are presented. Samples were analysed at certified Laboratory of Analytical Chemical Research of the Karazin Institute of Environmental Sciences. Laboratory data were compared with national UA standards and European ones. Conclusions were made for the following key parameters: dissolved oxygen and BOD5, total mineralization, biogenic substances content, oil products and surfactants, toxic heavy metals content. There is no specific dynamics on the pollution level. Conclusions. The following recommendations for improvement of water quality were developed: (i) to preform regular monitoring of water quality; (ii) to introduce regular and systematic control by one local authority; (iii) to improve infrastructure of recreational areas; (iv) to introduce regular cleaning of the recreational areas; (v) to install bio-WC; (vi) to install additional waste containers (preferably with separate waste collection); (vii) plant trees for better isolation from highways; (viii) to improve level of water treatment on WWTP; (ix) to create nature protected areas along rivers
An analysis of working conditions of rescue service and operational personnel during a fire has been conducted, when open fire is one of the dangerous factors, especially at the oil and gas object territories. It is also considered to be quite an important environmental factor, which under certain circumstances leads not only to deterioration of working conditions of operational personnel at a particular facility, but also to severe environmental pollution. This is especially true of firefighters, rescuers and other civil protection workers who are subjected to harmful effects of high temperature, thermal radiation, as well as hazardous combustion products while eliminating emergency situations. Improvement of working conditions during emergency rescue operations can be achieved by reducing their conduct time, as well as by increasing a distance between a rescuer and ignition point. This can be achieved by using fire extinguishing solutions with additives of surface active agents and polymers in fire suppression systems. These substances are introduced into fire hoses and pipelines, which allows to increase the expense of extinguishing solution, flow range from the jet nozzle and reduce duration of fire suppression operation. The laboratory conducted experiments allowed to select a specific polymer - polyethylene oxide, its molecular weight and solution concentration, which provides the maximum possible reduction of hydraulic resistance in a fire hose and a jet nozzle.
The household and industrial wastes that have been accumulated during the last 40-50 years organized and spontaneous landfills (garbage dumps) pollution of the natural water bodies near locations. As results of precipitation and solar irradiation, the drainage of water formation occurs; such waters are polluted with harmful and toxic ingredients. The known indices of pollution of industrial and surface waters as well as the technique for determining the class of danger posed by solid household wastes were analyzed. The application of this technique to liquid wastes is suggested, since the change of aggregate state must not restrict its application; on the contrary, a new useful unexpected result can emerge with this. A rather simple dimensionless index of toxicity was chosen on the basis of the following examples: composition of the drainage waters of a specific landfill, content of harmful ingredients in them, excess ratio of their maximum permissible concentration. Such an index takes into account the maximum permissible concentration of the harmful substance in the ground, as well as the fraction of the harmful ingredients in the total mass of the liquid waste. Using the dimensionless index of toxicity, the bar charts were drawn, from which the sequence of removal of harmful components from the liquid mixture can be determined, starting with the component with the least value of dimensionless index of toxicity which characterizes the most dangerous component.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.