This article contrasts gentrification and related processes of displacement across two of Tanzania’s fastest-growing cities. Some groups are particularly vulnerable to gentrification, with smallholder farmers particularly vulnerable on the periphery, and tenants particularly vulnerable near the centre. In the cities’ newly urbanizing peripheries, many of the longest-standing residents from farming families sell their land to upwardly mobile newcomers moving out from the city centre. In inner-city informal settlements, populations have become far denser and tenants outnumber owners, whilst developers and other large formal-sector land users are potentially interested in securing the land for upmarket residential or non-residential uses. Bringing the planning system and the informal settlements into better alignment is important, but regularization efforts can unnecessarily amplify the risks of exclusionary gentrification. While better-organized communities should be able to mitigate these risks, for this to be achieved the most vulnerable groups need to be adequately represented.
Every hour, over 500 children die in Africa mainly due to diarrhoeal diseases. Human excreta is the principal cause of diarrhoea, which can be prevented by the installation and use of hygienic latrines, improved water supplies and hygiene practices. The number of people without access to basic sanitation facilities globally is over 2·6 billion, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The impact and public health risk of poor sanitation are more acute in urban communities as these tend to be more populated with less space to dispose of excreta and wastewater. Rapid urbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa has made the task of providing sanitation even more challenging for municipal engineers and other professionals. An action research project aimed at applying a marketing approach to the promotion of household sanitation was carried out between 2002 and 2004, with a pilot project in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This paper is one of three papers on sanitation marketing and discusses consumer research for the marketing of household sanitation. It outlines the process that could be used by municipal engineers, non-government organisations and others to understand the demand for sanitation in order to improve public health, particularly in low-income urban settlements. The paper concludes that understanding consumer motivations, constraints and preferences for sanitation is a key factor in increasing the demand and uptake of improved latrines.
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