Chronic ulcers become the factors of morbidity and mortality with an increasing prevalence. The causes of chronic ulcers are venous dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, infection, peripheral neuropathy, stress, and atherosclerosis. Decubitus ulcers are caused by irreversible mechanical pressure on the soft tissue, usually on prominent bones. In addition, the diabetic ulcer is a complication of diabetes mellitus that causes an increase in overall morbidity in patients. Diabetic ulcers can form due to a lack of glycemic control, neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, or inadequate treatment of wounds on the feet. This article aims to review Chronic Ulcers, specifically Decubitus Ulcers,and Diabeticum Ulcers. Source searches were carried out on online portals for journal publications such as Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) and NCBI (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), with the keyword Globally, the incidence of pressure ulcers reaches 33% and diabetic ulcers reach 15% of all diabetics. In dealing with chronic ulcers, in general, there is the main principle, namely TIME. The acronym TIME stands for four things to pay attention to, namely: T (Tissue) for a wound that is not feasible or deficient; I (Infection) for with infection/inflammation; M (Moisture) for wound moisture imbalance, which have to be corrected; E (Edge) for a wound where the edge does not cross into it.
Dry eye is one of the eye diseases that is the most common reason a person visits an ophthalmologist. Globally, the prevalence of dry eye with or without symptoms ranges from 5-50%. Dry eye is more common in women than men and increases with age. Dry eye is a disease that has many similarities to autoimmune diseases. One of the autoimmune diseases that can be a high risk factor for dry eyes is collagen vascular disease. The mechanism of dry eye in patients with collagen vascular disease is thought to occur due to the role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type 3 autoantigens and B cells as APCs that produce autoantibodies. This autoimmune process causes a loss of homeostasis due to the presence of inflammatory mediators that damage the lacrimal functional unit. Dry eyes that occur due to collagen vascular disease are characterized by symptoms of irritation and discomfort in the eyes. Currently, knowledge about the pathogenesis and treatment is still growing.
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